•Demoxstratiox  IX  Anatomy,"'  by  Rembrandt 

Conducted  by  Nicholas  Tulp,  Professor  of  Anatomy 
at  Amsterdam,  in  the  year  1632. 

(Painting  in  the  Theatre  Anatomique,  Amsterdam) 

This  justly  famous  painting  represents 
the  Burgomaster  Tulp,  ghi)ig  a  lesson  in 
anato)ny  to  his  friends  and  pupils,  Jacob 
Block,  Hartman  Hartmanss,  Adrien  Slab- 
braan,  Jacob  de  Wit,  Matthieu  Kalkoen, 
Jacob  Koolveld  and  Francois  van  Loenen. 

The  grouping  of  the  heads,  the  character- 
istic expression  of  the  faces — all  artistically 
arranged  though  directed  toward  the  one 
object — the  composure  of  the  professor  and 
the  enthusiasm  of  his  pupils,  render  this 
historic  masterpiece,  containing  so  many  in- 
dividual portraits,  worthy  of  all  the  renozvn 
which  it  possesses. 

The  above  frontispiece  is  a  direct  re- 
production from  a  famous  engraving  of  the 
original  painting. 


The 

World's  Anatomists    ^ 


u 


Concise   Biographies  of  Anatomic    Masters, 

FROM    300   B.C.    TO  THE   PrESENT  TiME, 

Whose  Names  Have  Adorned 
THE  Literature  of  the 
Medical  Pro- 
fession 


By  G.  W.  H.  KEMPER,  M.D. 

Professor  of  the  History  of  Medicine  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


REVISED  AND  ENLARGED  from  the  original  serial 
publication  in  The  Medical  Book  News 


fVith    EU'ven   Illustrations 
Nine  of  luhicb   are   Portraits 


P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co. 

1 01 2  Walnut  Street 

Philadelphia 

1905 


\WZ  11^ 

K'b'-^ 

no^ 

Copyrights  covering  the  original  serial  publication  of 
this  work,  in  parts,  in  The  Medical  Book  News: 

Part  I  (J^b'  '""^J  J""^  -O)    1904 

Part  II  (August  issue)  August   5,    1904 

Part   III  (September  issue)  September    19,    1904 

Part  IV  ( October  issue)  October   1 8,    1904 

Part   V  (No-vember  issue)  November   17,    1904 

Part   VI  (December  issue)  December  9,    1904 


Original   text,   with   additions  and  revisions, 

Copyright,  1905, 

Bv  P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co. 


pvtfact 


IT  has  been  deemed  proper  to  issue  a 
revised  edition  of  The  World's  Anat- 
omists in  a  more  substantial  form.  As 
originally  published  in  The  Medical  Book 
News,  the  list  of  anatomists  comprised  one 
hundred  and  sixty-eight;  to  this  has  been 
added  sixty-one  additional  names, — mak- 
ing a  total  of  two  hundred  and  twenty-nine. 
Also,  the  names  of  sixteen  authors  of  works 
on  anatomy  have  been  appended,  and  a 
number  of  new  illustrations  incorporated. 
The  work  is,  in  fact,  a  completely  revised 
and   enlarged   edition. 

It  is  sincerely  hoped  that  it  will  prove 
a  valuable  aid  to  students  and  practitioners 
of  medicine. 

G.  W.  H.  Kemper. 
Muncie,  Indiana,  January  14,  1905. 


9!llU!Stmtion^ 


Frontispiece,    "Demonstration    in    Anat- 
omy"         IV 

John  B.   Deaver opposite  page    4 


William   Harvey 

Christopher    Heath 

Luther    Holden 

John    Hunter 

Henry    Morris 

Andreas    Vesalius 

Thomas    Willis 

Jacob  Benignus  Winslow.. 
Vesalius'  Idea  of  the  Blood- 
vessels     


12 
20 
26 

34 
40 
48 

54 
62 

67 


3;ntrot)Uct(on 


THE      object      of      these      biographic 
sketches  is  to  introduce  to  the  medi- 
cal profession  the  men  whose  names 
have  adorned  anatomic  Hterature.     As  the 
student  of  anatomy  progresses  in  his  studies 
he    encounters    names    of    persons    that    in 
time   become    familiar,    but   quite    often   he 
pays  no  attention  to  the  history  or  nation- 
ality  of   these   men.     Herophilus,    Poupart, 
I  Gimbernat,    Steno,    etc.,    are    commonplace 
1  names    to    the    student    and    the    physician, 
I  but  there,  as  a  rule,  the  matter  ends. 
;       A  closer  acquaintance  with  the  lives  of 
,  the  men  whose  names  are  given  to  various 
parts    of   the   body   is    difficult    to    acquire, 
,  owing  to  the  inaccessibility  of  works  sup- 
■  plying    the    necessary    information. 
I       After  conceiving  the  idea  of  a  historical 
'  investigation   of   these   men,   the    work   be- 
came exceedingly  fascinating  as   one  anat- 
omist after  another,  dead  and  living,  came 
.  up    for    biographic    study.      If    the    reader 
^can    derive    a    modicum    of    satisfaction    in 
perusing  these 'notes,   or  if  he  can   secure 
one-half  the  pleasure  in  readitig  the  vari- 
ous life  histories  that  was   derived  in.€ol- 


^ 


3f  ntroUUCtion —  Continued 


lecting  them,  the  writer  will  be  more  than 
repaid  for  his  labors. 

There  are  presented  concise  biographies 
of  anatomic  masters  who  lived  three  hund- 
red years  before  the  birth  oi  Christ,  as 
well  as  those  of  the  preTsent  hour  —  a  period 
of  twenty-two  liundred  years.  Nearly 
every  country  is  represented,  from  the 
sunny  skies  of  Italy  to  the  frozen  fields  of 
Russia;  from  the  ancient  cities  of  Alexan- 
dria and  Pergamos,  in  the  East,  to  our  own 
new  land  in  the  West. 

It  is  shown  how  men  have  toiled  and 
toiled,  and  never  grew  weary  of  their  task. 
It  will  be  found  that  men  like  Bichat,  at 
the  early  age  of  thirty-one,  and  Cohnheim, 
at  fort)'-five,  finished  their  work  —  wrote 
numerous  books,  and  evolved  wonderful 
discoveries  that  benefitted  the  human 
race, — and  amid  honors  of  wonderful  mag- 
nitude were  untimely  called  away.  Again, 
there  are  those  like  Scarpa,  who  toiled 
past  the  allotted  three-score  years  and  ten 
until  blindness  overtook  him,  and  then, 
only,  he  laid  aside  his  task,  and  patiently 
waited  until  death  claimed  him  at  eighty 
years.  The  celebrated  Ruj^sch,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  ninety-three  years,  was  still 
busy  in  the  preparation  of  his  anatomical 
museum,  and  when  he  ceased  his  life-long 
work    he    had    made    a    record    equal    to 


SfntroUuCtion —  Continued 


that  of  any  of  the  great  investigators  who 
had  preceded  him. 

Throughout  these  sketches,  in  a  few  in- 
stances, minor  collateral  facts  could  not  be 
ascertained  or  verified,  although  numer- 
ous works  were  searched.  In  some  cases 
authors  disagree  as  to  dates  of  births  and 
deaths.  In  such  instances  the  different 
opinions  are  stated.  A  few  obscure  names 
have  been  omitted  because  of  the  inability 
to  secure  the  proper  historical  data.  In 
the  preparation  of  these  sketches  the  fol- 
lowing works  have  been  consulted :  Mor- 
ris' "Anatomy,"  Gray's  "Anatomy,"  Allen's 
"Anatomy,"  Mayne's  "Lexicon,"  Baas's 
"History  of  Medicine,"  Foster's  "History 
of  Physiology,"  Richardson's  "Disciples  of 
JEsculapius,"  "  The  Index  Catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  OMce, 
U.  S.  A.,"  and  Gould's  "Illustrated  Medical 
Dictionary."  I  am  also  under  obligations 
to  Dr.  William  Osier  and  Dr.  John  Ruh- 
rah,  of  Baltimore,  Dr.  Frank  Baker,  of 
Washington,  D.  C.,  and  Dr.  P.  Hebert,  of 
Iron   Mountain,    Mich.,   for   assistance   ren- 


dered. 


i^  y 


Wom'^  anatomijStg 

Andersch,  Carl  Samuel. — A  German 
anatomist,  born  — ;  died  at  Konigsberg 
in  1777.  Andersch's  ganglion  •  is  a 
synonym  of  the  petrous  ganglion  of  the 
glossopharyngeal  nerve.  He  discovered 
this  ganglion,  and  distinguished  the  9th, 
loth,  and  nth  cerebral  nerves  as  dis- 
tinct nerves. 

Arantius. — Same   as  Aranzio. 

Aranzio,  Giulio  Cesare. — (English, 
Aranzi;  Latin,  Arantius.) — An  Italian 
anatomist,  born  at  Bologna  in  1530; 
died  in  1589.  The  tubercles  of  Arantius, 
or  corpora  Arantii,  are  named  after  this 
anatomist.  He  was  professor  of  anat- 
omy for  thirty-two  years  in  the  uni- 
versity at  Bologna,  and  physician  to 
Pope  Gregory  XHI. 

Arnold,  Friedrich.— A  German  anatomist, 
born  1803;  died  1890.  Arnold's  gang- 
lion is  a  synonym  for  the  otic  ganglion. 

Aselli,  Caspar. — An  Italian  anatomist, 
born  1581 ;  died  1626.  His  home  was  at 
Cremona.  In  the  year  1622,  while  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Pavia,  he  discov- 
ered the  lacteals,  and  wrote  a  book  on 
the  subject.  The  cluster  of  lymphatic 
glands  lying  in  the  mesentery  is  known 
as  the  pancreas  of  Aselli,  or  lesser  pan- 
creas. These  glands  were  mentioned 
in  his  treatise. 

Bachmann — See  Rivinus. 

Baer,  Karl  E.  von.— A  Russian  physiolo- 
gist, born  1792;  died  1876.  He  was 
professor  in  Dorpat,  Petersburg,  and 
Konigsburg.       He     was     famous     as     a 


CI)e  ^orlli'6  Slnatomifitg 


naturalist  and  embryologist.  Discovered 
the  ovum  of  mammals  in  1827,  and 
"  fifty  years  ago  gave  to  morphology  its 
genetic  foundations,"  as  Hackel  says  in 
his  dedication.  The  ovum  of  the  human 
female  described  by  von  Baer  in  1827, 
but  said  to  have  been  seen  previously 
by  von  Graaf,  Prevost,  and  Dumas,  and 
called  the»  vesicle  of  Baer,  is  named  for 
him.  / 

Baillarger, /Jules  GX^iel  Francois. — A 
French  physician,  born  1806;  died — . 
The  band  of  Baillarger  in'  the  brain  is 
named  for  this  physician. 

BartholinV  Thomas. — Was  a  Danish 
physic^n,  born  at  Copenhagen,  1619 ; 
died  1680.  His  name  is  associated  with 
one  pf  the  ducts  of  the  sublingual 
glan(^;  also  to  two  small  acinous  glands 
situated  one  on  each  ^side  of  the  ex- 
ternal opening  of  the  vagina. 

Bauhin,  Caspar. — A  French  anatomist, 
born  1560;  died  1624,  according  to 
Mayne.  Baas  gives  the  year  of  his  birth 
1550.  The  ileo-C3£cal  valve  is  some- 
times known  as  the  valve  of  Bauhin. 
He  was  a  professor  at  Basel,  and  wrote 
a    work    on    g}-necology.  (See  Blandin.) 

Bechterew. — See  Bekhtereff. 

Bekhtereff,  Vladmir  Mikailovich — A  Rus- 
sian physician,  born  1857.  The  nucleus 
of  Bechterew  on  ventral  root  of  the 
eighth    nerve    is    named    for    him. 

Bell,  Sir  Charles. — An  English  surgeon, 
born  1774;  died  1842.  The  posterior 
thoracic  nerve  —  long  thoracic,   external 


d)e  Wtiviti*s  ^natomtfiitfi 


respiratory  of  Bell, —  is  named  for  this 
surgeon. 

Bell,  John. —A  Scotch  anatomist,  born  1762; 
died  1820.  Two  longitudinal  bands  of 
muscle  contained  in  the  two  slight  folds 
which  stretch  from  the  uvula  vesicae  to 
each  ureter,  and  form  the  boundaries  of 
the  trigome,  are  known  as  Bell's 
muscles.  He  wrote  two  works,  "Ana- 
tomy and  Physiology  of  the  Human 
Body"  and  " Frinciples  of  Surgery." 

Bellini,  Laurentio  (Lorenzo) — An  anat- 
omist of  Florence,  Italy,  born  1643 ;  died 
1704.  FQr  a  while  he  was  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Pisa,  and  later  became 
physician  to  Cosimo  III,  at  Florence. 
In  1662,  when^only  19  years  of  age,  he 
wrote  a  tract  on  the  structure  of  the 
kidney.  The  Duke  of  Tuscany  had 
sent  to  Bovelli  a  deer  to  be  used  for 
anatomical  purposes,  and  Bellini,  under 
Bovelli's  guidance,  capefuHy  examined 
the  kidneys.  It  was  lin^ef  these  cir- 
cumstances that  he  di^overed  the  uri- 
nary tubules,  his  on^  valuabk  contri- 
bution to   anatomy.  '\ 

Bernard,  Claude. — A  French  physiologist, 
born  1813;  died  1878.  Originally  a 
tragic  poet,  he  finally  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  natural  sciences  and  to 
medicine.  He  was  the  successor  of 
Magendie,  and  was  famous  as  an  ex- 
perimentalist in  physiology  and  path- 
ology. His  numerous  works  relate  to 
the  digestion  of  fat  by  the  aid  of  the 
pancreatic  juice,  the  formation  of  sugar 
in  the  liver,  the  production  of  diabetes 
by  puncture  of  the  fourth  ventricle,  and 


(?ri)e  ^orlU'fi  Slnatomistfi 


division  of  the  sympathetic.  One  of  his 
remarks  is  worth  quoting:  "If  I 
wished  to  express  my  feeling"  oT^tte 
science  of  life,  I  should  say  it  is  J  a. 
noble  salon,  glowing  with  light,  to^.-^fch 
on^  can  only  go  by  passing  through  a 
great  and  disgusting  l^hen."  In  1885 
a  monument  to  Bernard's  memory  was 
erected  in  the  University  of  Paris.  A 
supplementary  duct  of  the  pancreas  is 
named  for  him, — Bernard's  canal.  It 
is  also  named   Santorini's  canal. 

Bertin,  Exupere  Joseph. — A  French  anat- 
omist of  Tremblay,  born  1712;  died 
1781.  He  wrote  on  osteology,  and  the 
organs  of  the  voice.  The  sphenoidal 
turbinated  bones,  the  prolongations 
inward  of  the  cortical  substance  of 
the  kidney  between  the  pyramids  and 
the  ilio-femoral  ligament,  are  named 
for   him. 

Bichat,  Marie  Francois  Xavier. —  A 
French  anatomist,  born  at  Thoirette, 
in  1771 ;  died  1802.  The  transverse  or 
great  horizontal  fissure  of  the  cerebrum, 
also  the  inner  coat  of  blood-vessels — 
tunic  of  Bichat, — help  to  preserve  his 
name.  Bichat  founded  general  anat- 
om}'.  In  the  short  span  of  life  allotted 
to  him — 31  years — he  contributed  to 
medical  science  nine  volumes.  It  is 
stated  that  in  one  winter  he  examined 
seven   hundred   bodies. 

Bigelow,  Henry  Jacob. — An  American  sur- 
geon, born  1818;  died  1890.  In  his 
work  on  "  The  Hip,"  Dr.  Bigelow  called 
special  attention  to  the  part  played  by 
the  ilio-femoral  ligament  in  dislocation 
of    the    hip,    and    this    tissue    has    since 


^m^ 


/^ 


^  p. 


See  page  /S. 


d)c  Wovi'ti'&  anat0mt0tfi( 


been  called  by  authors  Bigelow's  liga- 
ment. Dr.  Bigelow  performed  the  first 
excision  of  the  hip  in  this  country  in 
1852,  and  in  1878  invented  the  method 
of  crushing  and  removing  stone  from 
the  bladder  at  a  single  operation,  known 
as  litholapaxy. 

Bizzozero,  Giulio. — An  Italian  physician, 
born  1846.  Lymphoid  cells  found  in 
the  medulla  of  bones,  and  in  the  spleen, 
and  believed  by  him  to  become  red 
blood  corpuscles,  are  Hamed  for  him 
corpuscles  of  Bizzozero. 

Blandin,  Philippe  Frederic — A  French 
surgeon  of  Aubigny,  born  1798;  died 
1849.  He  was  the  successor  of  Riche- 
rand  as  professor  of  operative  surgery. 
The  small  acinous  glands  near  the  apex 
of  the  tongue  are  named  for  him.  They 
are  also  called  Nuck's,  Bauhin's  and 
Blondin's. 

Blumenbach,  Johann  Friedrich. — A  German 
naturalist  and  physiologist,  born  at 
Gotha  in  1752;  died  1840.  He  has  been 
called  the  founder  of  anthropology,  and 
researches  regarding  the  formation  of 
the  skull  in  different  races,  and  his  ac- 
tivity in  the  study  of  comparative  anat- 
omy, physiology,  and  the  history  of  de- 
velopment, have  rendered  him  justly 
famous.  He  proposed  a  method  of  es- 
timating the  size  and  form  of  a  skull 
by  placing  it  with  the  malar  bones  in 
such  a  position  at  it  would  occupy  if 
the  lower  jaw  were  attached,  the  ob- 
server looking  at  it  from  above.  By 
this  plan  a  general  idea  can  be  obtained 
of  its  length,  breadth,  general  form,  and 


CI)e  WtixVi}'&  ^natomifitg 


facial      projection.  This     has      been 

termed  Blumenbach's  norma  verticalis. 

Bock,  August  Carl — A  German  anato- 
mist, born  at  Magdeburg  in  1782;  died 
in  1833  at  Leipsic.  The  pharyngeal 
nerve  of  the  sphenopalatine  ganglion 
is   named   for   him. 

diploe  of  the  cranial  bones,  in  which 
Breschet's  veins  run,  are  named 
Breschet's  bone-canals.  The  four 
larger  veins  on  each  side  of  the  cranium 
in  the  diploe — one  frontal,  two  tempor- 
al, and  one  occipital, — are  termed 
Breschet's  veins.  He  was  a  professor 
in  Paris.  He  established  the  existence 
of  phlebits,  and  showed  its  frequency 
and  results. 

Bonnet,  Amedee.— A  French  surgeon,  born 
at  Amberieux  in  1802;  died  at  Lyons, 
1858.  The  posterior  part  of  the  tunica 
vaginalis  oculi,  behind  the  point  of  per- 
foration of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles 
of  the  eyeball,  is  termed  Bonnet's 
capsule.  He  rendered  important  ser- 
vice to  surgery  by  his  treatment  of  dis- 
eases of  the  joints  with  immovable 
dressings, — fixation  of  the  diseased 
joints.  He  also  performed  enucleation 
of  the  bulb,  without  removal  of  the 
ocular  muscles,  in  1842. 

Botallo,  Leonardo. — An  Italian  anato- 
mist, born  at  Asti,  in  Piedmont,  in  1530; 
died — .  The  foramen  ovale  is  named 
after  this  anatomist — foramen  of  Botalli. 
It  was  supposed  to  have  been  discov- 
ered by  Botallo,  but  was  first  noticed 
by  Galen.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Falloppio, 
and  lived  in  France  from  1561  to  1585. 


Cbe  Wavirs  ^natomifits 


Bowman,  Sir  William — An  English  an- 
atomist and  ophthalmic  surgeon,  born 
1816;  died  1892.  His  name  is  preserved 
in  the  glands  of  the  olfactory  mucous 
membrane  —  Bowman's  glands, —  also 
Bowman's  capsule  in  the  kidney.  He 
was  consulting  surgeon  and  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  London  Ophthalmic  Hos- 
pital in  Moorfields,  and  a  successful 
cultivator  of  microscopic  anatomy. 
Richardson  says :  "It  remained  for  one 
of  our  own  generation — the  late  Sir 
William  Bowman — to  work  out  the 
problem  of  the  capsule,  the  malpighian 
corpuscle,  the  convoluted  tubule,  and 
the  rest  of  the  anatomical  physiological 
problem  [of  the  kidney],  which  every 
student  in  these  days  is  bound  to 
learn." 

Breschet,  Gilbert.— A  French  anatomist, 
born    1784;    died    1845.      Canals    in    the 

Broca,  Paul —  A  French  surgeon  and 
anthropologist,  born  at  Sainte  Fay, 
Department  of  the  Gironde,  in  1824; 
died  in  Paris,  1880.  In  1861  he  dis- 
covered that  the  left  inferior  frontal 
convolution  is,  as  a  rule,  more  highly 
developed  than  the  right,  and  that  it 
is  the  center  for  language.  This 
region  is  termed  Broca's  convolution. 
While  surgeon  to  the  Hospital  des 
Cliniques,  he  proposed  anesthesia  by 
means  of  hypnotism,  or  staring  at  a 
glittering  point,   a   form  of  Braidism. 

Bruch,  Carl  Wilhelm  Ludwig. —  A  German 
histologist,  born  1837 ;  died  1884.  The 
aggregate  glands  of  Bruch  in  the  con- 
junctiva of  the  lower  eyelid  are  named 
for  this  histologist. 


)e  WovUi's  Snatomtfitfi 


Brunner,    Jean     Conrad     von A     Swiss 

anatomist,  born  at  Diessenhofen  in 
1653;  died  at  Mannheim  in  1727.  In 
1687  he  was  called  to  the  Chair  of  Medi- 
cine in  Heidelberg,  and  at  that  time  he 
published  a  dissertation  on  the  duode- 
nal glands,  since  known  by  his  name, 
— Brunner's  glands,  sometimes  termed 
Brunn's   glands. 

Burdach,      Karl      Frederich A     German 

anatomist,  born  at  Leipsic  in  1776;  died 
in  Breslau,  1847.  The  tract  of  Burdach 
in  the  posterior  column  of  the  spinal 
cord  is  named  for  this  anatomist.  He 
was  a  professor  at  Leipsic,  Dorpat  and 
Konigsberg. 

Burns,  Allan. — A  Scotch  anatomist,  born 
1781 ;  died  1813.  The  inner  extremity 
of  the  superior  cornu  of  the  saphenous 
opening  of  the  fascia  lata,  which  is  at- 
tached to  Gimbernat's  ligament  at  the 
spine  of  the  pubes,  is  named  for  this 
anatomist, — Burns's    ligament. 

Camper,  Pierre — A  Dutch  physiologist, 
born  at  Ley  den  in  1722 ;  died  at  The 
Hague,  1789.  The  deep  layer  of  the 
perineal  fascia  covering  the  bulb  of  the 
urethra  and  the  crura  of  the  penis  is 
named  Camper's  ligament.  (Gould). 
The  superficial  laj'er  of  the  abdominal 
fascia  is  named  Camper's  fascia.  (Gray). 

Carcassonne,  Bernard  Gauderic. — A  French 
anatomist  and  surgeon,  born  at  Perpig- 
non  in  1728;  died — .  The  deep  pe- 
rineal fascia  is  named  for  him, — 
Carcassonne's    ligament. 

Casserio,  Giulio— An  Italian  anatomist, 
born  at  Piacenza  in  1545;  1561   (Baas); 


Cbe  WqxWs  Inatomifitfi 


died  at  Padua  in  1616.  The  perforated 
muscle  of  Casserio  is  an  old  name  for 
the  coracobrachialis  muscle.  The  Cas- 
serian  ganglion  is  a  name  used  inter- 
changeably with  Gasserian  ganglion,  or 
semi-lunar  ganglion  on  the  5th  nerve. 
(See  Gasser). 

Chassaignac,  Charles  Marie  E, —  A  French 
surgeon,  born  1805;  died  1879.  The 
anterior  tubercle  of  the  transverse  pro- 
cess of  the  sixth  cervical  vertebra  is 
sometimes  known  as  Chassaignac's,  or 
the  carotid  tubercle. 

Chaussier,  Francois, — A  French  anatomist 
and  surgeon,  born  at  Dijon  in  1746;  died 
at  Paris,  1828.  He  was  a  famous  anato- 
mist and  cultivator  of  the  history  of 
anatomy.  His  new  nomenclature  of 
anatomy  has  been  in  considerable  part 
adopted  by  the  French  school. 

Clarke,  Joseph  Lockhart — An  English  mi- 
croscopist  of  eminence,  born  1817;  died 
1880.  He  is  best  known  by  his  memoirs 
on  the  minute  anatomy  of  the  nervous 
system,  where  Clarke's  posterior  vesi- 
cular  column    is   named    for   him. 

Claudius  —  A  German  anatomist,  born — . 
The  cells  of  Claudius,  in  the  internal 
ear,    are   named    for   him. 

Cohnheim,  Julius. —  A  German  pathologist, 
of  Demmin,  in  Pomerania,  born  1839; 
died  1884.  The  so-called  areas  of  Cohn- 
heim found  in  muscular  fibres  are  named 
for  him.  He  was  professor  of  patho- 
logical anatomy  in  Leipsic,  and  author 
of  valuable  investigations  on  inflamma- 
tion and  the  embolic  processes.  He 
was    the    first    to    inoculate    tubercle    in 


Cbe  Wtwia'si  ^natomifiitfi 


Germany.  His  lectures  on  general 
pathology  continue  a  standard  work. 
He  died  at  the  early  age  of  45. 

Goiter. — See  Koyter. 

Colles,  Abraham.— An  Irish  surgeon,  born 
at  IMilmount,  near  Kilkenny,  in  1773 ; 
died  at  Dublin  in  1843.  The  deep  layer 
of  the  superficial  perineal  fascia  is 
named  fascia  of  Colles.  Probably  his 
name  is  more  often  spoken  by  our  pro- 
fession than  that  of  any  other  surgeon 
by  reason  of  the  very  common  fracture 
of  the  lower  end  of  the  radius,  and 
named  for  him  Colles'  fracture. 

Cooper,  Sir  Astley  Paston. — An  English 
surgeon,  born  at  Brooke,  in  Norfolk, 
in  1768;  died  in  London  in  1841.  The 
ligament  of  Cooper  near  the  external 
abdominal  ring  is  named  for  him.  He 
was  the  most  eminent  surgeon  of  his 
day.  He  was  surgeon  to  Guy's  and 
St.  Thomas's  hospitals  in  London,  and 
ordinary  surgeon  to  George  IV,  and 
Queen  Victoria.  He  was  a  fertile 
author,  and  a  daring  operator.  In  1801 
he  performed  the  first  paracentesis  of 
the  membrana  tympani,  and  in  181 7 
ligated  the  abdominal  aorta,  the  patient 
surviving  forty-eight  hours. 

Corti,     Matthieu An  Italian  anatomist, 

born  1495 ;  died  1564.  The  name  of 
Corti  is  associated  with  a  study  of  the 
minute  structure  of  the  internal  ear, — 
organ  of  Corti,  rods  of  Corti,  etc. 

Cotugno,  Domenico. — Better  known  as 
Cotunnius ;  an  Italian  anatomist  born  at 
Ruvo,    in     Naples,     in     1736;     died     at 


William 
Harvey 


See  page  26. 


A  photographic  reproduction  of  an  en- 
graving from  the  original  sculpture  by 
J.  Koubraken,  Amsterdam,  1739. 


Cl^e  Woxil'6  ^natomtfitfi 


Naples,  1818  (Mayne)  ;  1822  (Baas). 
He  was  a  man  who  rose  from  the  deep- 
est poverty,  and  became  professor  of  ana- 
tomy in  the  University  at  Naples.  Is 
known  from  his  profound  investigations 
concerning  the  internal  ear, — the  aquae- 
ductus  and  aqua  Cotunnii  being  named 
for  him.  He  was  the  first  (1770)  to 
demonstrate,  by  boiling,  the  existence  of 
albumen  in  the  urine. 

Cotunnius. — Same    as  Cotugno. 

Cowper,  William — An  English  anatomist, 
born  at  Alresford,  in  Hampshire,  in 
1666;  died  in  London  in  1709.  Discov- 
erer of  the  two  symmetrically  placed 
glands — Cowper's  glands, — lying  below 
the  membranous  portion  of  the  urethra, 
and  close  behind  the  bulb. 

Crampton,  Sir  Philip — An  Irish  surgeon, 
born  1777;  died  1858.  The  meridional, 
external,  or  radiating  fibres  of  the 
ciliary  muscle,  were  first  observed  by 
this  surgeon,  and  are  named  for  him, — 
Crampton's  muscle. 

Cruveilhier,  Jean — A  French  surgeon,  born 
at  Limoges  in  1791 ;  died  at  Sussac,  near 
Limoges,  in  1874  (Mayne)  ;  1873 
(Baas).  The  anterior  ligament  of  the 
metacarpo  -  phalangeal  articulations  are 
named  the  glenoid  ligaments  of  Cruveil- 
hier, 

Cuvier,  George  Leopold  Christian  Fried- 
rich  Dagobert  Baron  von. — A  French 
naturalist,  born  1769 ;  died  1832.  He 
described  the  two  lateral  trunks  by 
means  of  which  the  vertebral  veins 
formed  by  the  union  of  all  the  vertebral 


Cbe  WoxWs  ^natomifitfii 


veins  open  into  the  heart  at  an  early 
period  of  its  development.  At  a  later 
period  the  left  duct  of  Cuvier  atrophies, 
whilst  the  right  duct  enlarges  and 
forms  the  lower  portion  of  the  vena 
cava  superior.     (Mayne). 

Cyon,  Elie  von.— A  Russian  physiologist, 
born  at  Telsch  in  1843.  Naturalized  in 
France.  The  depressor  nerve  is  termed 
Ludwig    and    Cyon's    nerve. 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert.  —  An  English 
naturalist,  born  at  Shrewsburg,  Febru- 
ary 12,  1809;  died  at  Down,  Kent,  April 
19,  1882.  He  was  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated naturalists  that  the  ages  have 
produced,  and  the  founder  of  the  "Dar- 
winian theory  of  evolution."  His 
name  is  perpetuated  in  anatomy  in  the 
tubercle  of  Darwin.  It  is  the  nodule 
or  eminence  sometimes  seen  on  the 
edge  of  the  helix  of  the  ear;  it  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  relic  corresponding  to 
the  point  of  an  ape's  ear. 

Dauberton,  Louis  Jean  Marie. — A  French 
anatomist,  born  1716;  died  1799.  The 
occipital  line  stretching  from  the  opis- 
thion  to  the  nasion  is  known  as  Dauber- 
ton's  line. 

Debove,  Georges-Maurice. — A  French  anat- 
omist, born  in  Paris  in  1849  (Mayne)  ; 
1845  (Index-Catalogue).  A  layer  of 
squamous  epithelium  cells  lying  upon 
the  basement  membrane,  and  beneath 
the  ciliated  epithelial  cells  of  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  trachea  and  bronchi, 
is  named  for  this  physician, — Debove's 
membrane. 

16 


Cbc  WovW6  ^tnatomigtfli 


Deiters,  Otto  Friedrich  Carl  —A  German 
anatomist  and  histologist,  born  at 
Bonn  in  1834;  died  there  in  1863.  The 
nucleus  of  Deiters,  in  the  vestibular  or 
ventral  root  of  the  eighth  nerve,  is 
named  for  him. 

Demours,  Pierre.— A  French  surgeon  and 
ophthalmologist,  born  1702 ;  died  1795. 
The  posterior  elastic  lamina  of  the 
cornea  is  known  as  Demour's  membrane. 
It  is  the  same  as  Descemet's  membrane. 

Descemet,  Jean. — A  French  physician, 
born  1732 ;  died  1810.  Descemet's 
membrane :  the  posterior  elastic  lamina 
of  the  cornea.  It  is  highly  elastic,  and 
when  peeled  off  rolls  up  with  the  an- 
terior convex  surface  inwards.  (Mayne). 
Jacob  considered  its  use  to  be  to  pre- 
serve the  requisite  permanent  correct 
curvature  of  the  flaccid  cornea  proper. 
Descemet  was  a  professor  in  Paris. 

Dobie,  William  Murray.— An  English  anat- 
omist and  physician  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  The  thin,  dark  disc  or  mem- 
brane passing  transversely  through  and 
bisecting  the  clear  zone  or  stria  in  a 
striated  muscle-fibre  is  known  as 
Dobie's  lines. 

Douglas,  James.— A  Scotch  obstetric  phy- 
sician and  anatomist,  born  1675 ;  died 
1741.  Douglas's  pouch,  formed  by  the 
peritoneum  between  the  uterus  and  the 
rectum  is  named  for  this  physician. 
He  was  a  famous  teacher  of  anatomy 
and  surgery  in  London.  Haller  was 
one  of  his  pupils.  He  wrote  a  very 
careful  description  of  the  peritoneum 
in    1730. 


Cbe  WovWs  ^natomtfitfi 


Duverney,  Joseph  Guichard — A  French 
physician,  born  1648;  died  1730.  Duver- 
ney's  gland  is  a  synonym  for  Bartho- 
lin's gland.  He  was  professor  of  anat- 
omy at  Paris,  and  was  the  first  to  de- 
scribe diseases  of  the  ear  in  accordance 
with   their   anatomical    seat. 

Dubois. — See  Sylvius. 

Doyere,  .  — A  French  anatomist  of  the 

nineteenth  century.  The  small  conical 
eminence  at  the  point  where  the  cylin- 
der axis  of  a  nerve  filament  penetrates 
the  sarcolemma  of  a  muscular  fibre  to 
form  a  motorial  end-plate  is  known  as 
Doyer's  papilla. 

Dulaurens,  Andre. — A  French  anatomist, 
born  1558;  died  1609.  He  resided  at 
Montpellier,  and  later  at  Paris,  where 
he  was  physician-in-ordinary  to  Henry 
IV.  He  wrote  a  work  on  anatomy  en- 
titled, "  Historia  anatomica  humani 
corporis."  He  was  loyal  to  his  king, 
of  whom  he  declared  that  he  had  cured 
fifteen  hundred  scrofulous  persons  by 
laying   his    hands    upon    them ! 

Ecker,  Alexander. — A  German  anatomist 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  occipital 
transverse  fissure,  on  the  dorsal  surface 
of  the  occipital  lobe  of  the  brain,  a 
part  of  the  paroccipital  fissure,  is  named 
for   this   anatomist, — Ecker's   fissure. 

Ehrenritter. — Ehrenritter,  about  the  year 
i775j  was  prosector  for  Barth,  who 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  muscles,  and 
described  the  tympanic  nerve  and  jugu- 
lar ganglion  of  the  glossopharyngeal 
nerve.      This     ganglion — the     jugular — 

18 


d)e  WoxW&  Stnatomtfitfi 


is  known  as  Ehrenritter's,  and  also 
ganglion  of  Johannes  Miiller.  It  is  in- 
constant, and  is  not  described  by  all 
authors.     (Allen.     Baas.) 

Eustacchi,  Bartolommeo  (Eustachius) — An 
Italian  anatomist,  born  1520  (?);  died 
1574.  He  discovered  the  Eustachian 
tube  in  1562.  He  regarded  it  as  adapted 
to  conduct  pus,  etc.,  out  of  the  ear.  He 
understood  the  arrangement  of  the 
bones  of  the  ear.  He  also  saw  what  we 
call  the  thoracic  duct.  The  Eustachian 
tube  and  the  Eustachian  valve  perpetuate 
his  name.  He  flourished  between  Vesa- 
lius  and  Fabricius.  He  prepared  some 
anatomical  plates  famous  for  artistic 
perfection,  which  were  first  found  and 
published  by  Lancisi  in  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Fabricius,  Hieronymus  {Jerome)  ab  Aqua- 

pendente. — An  Italian  anatomist,  born 

1537;  died  1619;     He  was  the  discoverer 

of  the  valves  in  the  veins,  and  was  the 

teacher  of  Harvey.     He  was   also   emi- 

'         nent  as  a  surgeon,  and  was  the  first  to 

differentiate  goitre  from  tumors   of  the 

\         neck.      He    practiced    trepanning ;    and 

j         hung    up    the    patient    by    the    feet    in 

strangulated  hernia.     How  carefully  he 

observed  may  be  judged  from  the  fact 

that  he  knew  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum 

in  the  new-born  w-as  filled  with  mucus, 

a  fact  re-discovered  in  our  day.    (Baas). 

Fallopio,  Gabriel. —An  Italian  anatomist, 
born  at  Modena  in  1523,  died  in  1562. 
His  name  is  variously  written:  (Fallop- 
pio,  Gabrielo  Ital.),  Fallopia,  Falloppia, 
Fallopio,  Fallopius,  and  Falloppius.    He 


CI)e  WoxVn's  ^nntomists 


was  a  favorite  pupil  of  Vesalius  ;  studied 
at  Padua,  and  visited  Greece  and  France. 
At  the  age  of  24  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor at  Ferrara,  and  subsequently 
filled  the  same  position  at  Paris,  and 
finally  in  Padua.  He  made  numerous 
discoveries  in  anatomy,  and  his  name 
is  perpetuated  in  the  Fallopian  tubes. 

Ferrein,  Antoine. — A  French  physician, 
born  at  Frespech  in  1693;  died  in  Paris 
in  1769.  Antoine  Ferrein,  professor  of 
surgery  and  anatomy  at  Montpellier 
and  at  Paris,  made,  in  1749,  in  company 
with  many  errors,  and  these  very  great 
ones,  a  slight  contribution  to  our  knowl- 
edge when  he  described  the  rays  of 
straight  tubules  shooting  up  into  the 
cortex,  since  known  as  the  pyramids 
of  Ferrein.  Putting  aside,  however, 
these  two  things,  we  may  almost  say 
that  our  knowledge  of  the  kidney  re- 
mained where  Malpighi  left  it,  until,  in 
the  generation  which  has  just  passed 
away,  Bowman  took  up  the  subject 
again.     (Foster). 

Flourens,  Jean  Pierre  Marie. — A  French 
anatomist  and  physiologist,  born  1794; 
died  1867.  He  was  eminent  as  a  phy- 
siologist and  investigator  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  individual  parts  of  the 
brain,  le  noeud  vital.  He  demonstrated 
the  seat  of  the  intellectual  functions  in 
the  cortical  substance. 

Fontana,  F  e  1  i  x — An  Italian  anatomist, 
born  at  Pomerole,  in  the  Tyrol,  in  1730; 
died  at  IMontpellier  in  1805.  He  was 
professor  in  Pisa,  an  anatomist  who 
gave  his  special  attention  to  the  eye, — 


Christopher 
Heath 


See  page  /t 


CI)e  ^orlti*fii  ^natomifiitfi 


the  spaces  of  Fontana  being  named  for 
him.  He  was  celebrated  as  an  artist 
in  anatomical  preparations  in  wax. 

Galen,  Claudius. — A  celebrated  physician, 
born  at  Pergamos,  in  Mysia,  in  131. 
The  time  and  place  of  his  death  are 
uncertain ;  it  took  place  at  Rome,  at 
Pergamos,  or  in  Sicily,  according  to 
various  authors,  at  some  time  between 
the  years  201  and  210.  His  name  is 
modestly  perpetuated  in  anatomy  by 
the'  venae  Galeni,  of  the  cerebellar 
veins.  He  contributed  a  work  on  an- 
atomy, based  on  his  practical  knowl- 
edge derived  from  the  study  of  two 
human  skeletons,  and  the  soft  parts  of 
inferior  animals.  This  work  was  the 
recognized  textbook  on  anatomy  until 
the  time  of  Vesalius,  in   1543. 

Gasser,  Johann  Laurentius. — An  anatomist 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  of  whom 
nothing  is  known  save  that  he  was  the 
instructor  of  Antonius  Raymond  Baltha- 
sar  Hirsch,  who,  in  1765,  named  the 
ganglion  on  the  sensory  trunk  of  the 
fifth  pair  of  nerves  after  him.  (See 
Casserio). 

Gavard,  Hyacinthe.— A  French  anatomist, 
born  1753 ;  died  1802.  The  oblique  layer 
of  involuntary  muscular  fibres  in  the 
stomach  i?  known  as  Gavard's  muscle. 

Gerlach,  Joseph  von.— A  German  anatomist, 
born  1820.  The  minute  filamentous  net- 
work producd  by  the  branching  of  the 
processes  of  the  ganglion  cells  of  the 
central  nervous  system  are  named  for 
this  anatomist, — Gerlach's  nerve-net- 
work. 


23 


CI)t  ^orlti'6  Enatomifitfi 


Gimbernat,  Don  Antonio  de. — A  Spanish 
surgeon  at  the  close  of  the  i8th  cen- 
tury. The  portion  of  the  aponeurosis 
which  is  reflected  from  Poupart's  liga- 
ment at  the  spine  of  the  os  pubis  along 
the  pectineal^  line  is  named  for  this 
surgeon, — Gimbernat's  .ligament."'*  He 
was  a  professor  in  Barcelona  from  1762 
to  1774,  and  afterward  lived  in  Madrid. 
He  was  distinguished  ^  a  surgeon  and 
anatomist,   especially  as  a  herniologist. 

Giraldes,  Cardozo  Cazado  Joachim  Albin. 
6.^  — A    French    surgeon   of   Portugese   ex- 

traction, born  at  Genes  in  1808;  died  in, 
Paris  in  1875.  The  organ  of  Giraldes 
— the  three  or  more  small  irregular 
masses  situated  in  front  of  the  sper- 
matic cord,  just  above  the  head  of  the 
epididymus, — are   named   for   him. 

Glaser,  Johann  Heinrich. — A  Swiss  anat- 
^,.,  Ofriistr  born  at  Basel  in  1629;  died  in 
1675.  The  Glaserian  fissure  is  named 
for  this  anatomist.  It  is  a  narrow  slit 
which  divides  the  glenoid  fossa  into  two 
parts.  It  extends  into  the  tympanum, 
opening  into  its  outer  wall,  lodges  the 
processus  gracilis  of  the  malleus,  and 
transmits  the  laxator  tympani  muscle 
and  the  tympanic  branch  of  the  internal 
maxillary  artery.     (Mayne). 

Glisson,  Francis  G. — An  English  physician, 
born  at  Rampisham,  in  Dorset,  in  1596; 
died  at  Colchester  in  1677  (Mayne)  ; 
(b.  1597;  d.  1677,  Foster);  (b.  1597;  d- 
1671,  Baas).  Glisson's  name  is  preserved 
in  the  capsule  of  the  liver  named  for 
him, — the  cellulo-vascular  membrane 
enveloping  the  hepatic  vessels.     He  v.as 


€ht  ^orlU'fii  anatomi0tfi 


regius  professor  of  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  and  succeeded 
Harvey  as  professor  (reader)  of  anat- 
omy in  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
London. 

GolgijCamillo. — An  Italian  anatomist,  born 
1844.  A  reticulated  ending  of  nerve- 
fibres  in  tendons,  sometimes  embedded 
in  granular-looking  matter,  is  termed 
Golgi's  end-plate. 

Goll,  Friedrich. — A  Swiss  anatomist,  born 
at  Zurich  in  1829.  The  tract  of  Goll  in 
the  spinal  column  is  named   for  him. 

Graaf,  Regner  de. — A  Dutch  anatomist, 
born  at  Schoonhoven,  1641 ;  died  1673. 
His  name  is  intimately  associated  with 
the  Graafian  follicles  of  the  ovary.  In 
1664,  when  only  23  years  of  age,  he 
made  an  investigation  on  pancreatic 
juice,  obtaining  it  through  a  quill  of  a 
wild  duck,  in  an  opening  into  the  ab- 
domen of  a  dog.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  this  experiment  on  the  pan- 
creas was  never,  so  far  as  is  known,  re- 
peated by  any  one  until  Claude  Bernard, 
in  modern  times,  took  it  up  again. 
(Foster).     He  died  at  32. 

Guido  Guidi See  Vidius. 

Haller,  Albrecht  von — A  Swiss  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  born  at  Berne  in  1708; 
died  there  in  1777.  lialler's  name  is 
perpetuated  in  anatomy  in  the  vas 
aberans  of  the  testicle.  He  has  been 
styled  Haller,  the  Great.  He  took  his 
degree  as  Doctor  of  Medicine,  at  Ley- 
den,  in  1727.  Soon  afterward  he  re- 
turned  to  his   native  city,   where   for  a 

25 


d)e  ^orlU'fii  ^natomifitfi 


time  he  taught  anatomy  and  practiced 
medicine.  For  seventeen  years  he  lec- 
tured at  the  University  of  Gottingen 
on  anatomy,  botany,  and  physiology. 
Finally  he  returned  to  his  native  city, 
Berne,  where  he  lived  in  retirement 
until  his  death.  He  established  the  doc- 
trine of  muscular  irritability. 

Harvey,  William. — An  English  anatomist 
and  physician,  born  1578;  died  1657. 
Harvey  will  always  be  recognized  as  the 
first  person  to  demonstrate  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood.  Others  came  up  to 
the  threshold,  but  entered  not  in.  He 
began,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  his  studies 
at  Cambridge,  and  later  traveled  in 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy.  He  re- 
mained at  Padua  from  1599  to  1602,  in 
order  to  hear  the  lectures  of  Fabricius 
ab  Aquapendente.  Afterward  he  re- 
turned to  England  in  time  to  become 
physician  to  James  I,  and  later  to 
Charles  I.  Soon  after  1613,  he  began, 
through  his  lectures,  to  make  known 
the  doctrine  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  but  he  did  not  publish  the  re- 
sults of  his  researches  until  1628,  after 
submitting  them  to  fifteen  years  of 
proofs  and  counter-proofs  of  every  kind. 

Hasner,  Joseph  von — A  German  ophthal- 
mologist, born  in  1819;  died  1892.  The 
valve  of  Hasner,  in  the  nasal  duct,  is 
named   for  this  person. 

Hassall,  Arthur  Hill.— An  English  physi- 
cian, born  in  Teddington  in  1817;  died 
1894.  The  peculiar  bodies  found  in 
the  medulla  of  the  thymus  gland,  are 
termed     the     concentric     corpuscles     of 


Luther 
H  olden 


See  page  78. 


C^c  WovVn's  Stnatomifiitfi 


Hassall.  He  wrote  a  work  on  micro- 
scopic anatomy  of  the  human  body  in 
health  and  disease. 

Havers,  Clopton.— An  English  anatomist, 
born  —  ;  died  1702.  The  Haversian 
canals  found  in  bones  are  named  for 
him.  In  1691,  he  wrote  a  work  entitled 
"  Osteologia  nova."  He  instituted 
researches  into  artificial  digestion,  and 
made  some  valuable  discoveries  in  the 
structure  of  bones. 

Heidenhain,  Rudolph  Peter  Hienrich. — A 
German  physician,  born  in  Marienwer- 
der  in  1834;  died  1897.  The  demilunes 
of  Heidenhain  in  the  salivary  glands 
are  named   for  him. 

Henle,  Friedrich  Gustav  Jacob A  Ger- 
man anatomist  and  pathologist,  born 
at  Fiirth,  Bavaria,  in  1809;  died  at  Got- 
tingen  in  1885.  Henle  studied  from 
1827  in  Bonn,  Heidelberg,  and  Berlin 
under  Johannes  Miiller.  He  became  a 
privadocent  in  Vienna  in  1837,  profes- 
sor in  Ziirich,  1840,  in  Heidelberg,  1844, 
and  professor  of  anatomy  in  Gottingen, 
1852.  He  wrote  extensively  on  anatomi- 
cal, physiological,  pathological  and  mic- 
roscopical subjects.  The  ligament  of 
Henle  was  named  for  him.  The  epithe- 
lium, in  our  present  sense  of  that  term, 
was,  among  other  things,  discovered 
and   named   by   Henle. 

Hansen,  Victor — A  German  physiologist 
and  embryologist,  born  in  Schleswig 
in  1835 1  died  — .  Hensen's  prop- 
cells — the  columnar  epithelial  cells  on 
the  outer  side  of  the  last  row  of  outer 
hair-cells    of    the    organ    of    Corti, — are 

29 


d)e  WtivW6  ^natomifitfi 


named  for  him.     He  was  director  of  the 
Physiological    Institute    of    Kiel. 

Herbst,  Ernst  Friedrich  Gustav. — A  Ger- 
man anatomist,  born  at  Gottingen, — ; 
died — .  The  corpuscles  of  Herbst 
in   nerve   endings   are   named   for   him. 

Herophilus. — A  physician  of  Chalcedon, 
born  about  335  B.  C.;  died  280  B.  C. 
He  first  described  the  four  sinuses  of 
the  dura  mater  which  meet  opposite  the 
tuberosity  of  the  occipital  bone.  The 
columns  of  blood  coming  in  different 
directions  were  supposed  to  be  pressed 
together  at  this  point  and  named  torcu- 
lar  (a  wine-press)  Herophili.  He  was 
one  of  the  earliest  dissectors  of  human 
corpses,  and  it  is  said  that  he  even  in- 
vaded the  living  bodies  of  convicts.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Praxagoras  of  Cos. 

Hesselbach,  Franz  Kaspar. — A  German 
surgeon,  born  in  Hammelburg  in  1759; 
died  at  Wiirzburg  in  1816.  Hesselbach's 
ligament,  and  also  Hesselbach's  triangle 
are  named  for  him.  He  was  Siebold's 
colleague  in  the  chair  of  anatomy, 
though  he  wrote  on  surgical  subjects, 
particularly  inguinal  hernia. 

Hey,  William — An  English  surgeon,  born 
at  Pudsey,  near  Leeds,  in  1736;  died  in 
1819.  The  fibres  of  the  upper  horn 
of  the  falciform  border  of  the  saphe- 
nous opening  in  the  fascia  lata,  which 
are  attached  to  Gimbernat's  ligament, 
are  known  as  Hey's  ligament.  Hey's 
amputation  of  the  foot,  and  also  the  saw 
known  as  Hey's  saw,  are  named  for  this 
surgeon.      A   memoir    of    Mr.    Hey   has 

30 


C()e  WovWs  ^natomifiitg 


appeared  in  a  series  of  Christian  Medi- 
cal_  Biographies.  His  life  was  charac- 
terized b}'  great   religious    fervor. 

Highmore,  Nathanael.— An  English  physi- 
cian, born  at  Fordingbridge  in  1613 ; 
died  at  Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  in 
1685.  He  was  an  excellent  anatomist 
and  described  quite  accurately  the  so- 
called  corpus  Highmorianum,  the  sem- 
inal ducts,  and  the  epididymis.  The 
antrum  of  Highmore  is  also  named  for 
him. 

Hilton,  John. — An  English  surgeon,  born 
in  London,  1804;  died  at  Clapham,  1878. 
The  Arytaeno-epiglottidseus  inferior, 
and  compressor  sacculi  laryngis,  is 
named  Hilton's  muscle.  He  was  sur- 
geon-extraordinary to  the  Queen,  and 
became  well  known  to  the  profession 
by  his  work  on  "Rest  and  Pain." 

Hirschfeld,  Ludwig  Moritz. — An  Austrian 
anatomist,  born  at  Nadargyn  in  1816 ; 
died  1876.  The  branch  of  the  facial 
nerve  which  supplies  the  styloglossus 
and  the  palato-glossus  muscles  is  named 
for  this  anatomist, — Hirschfeld's  nerve. 

H  i  s,  William. — A  Swiss  anatomist,  born 
1831 ;  died  April  30,  1904.  His'  gran- 
ule cell  is  named  for  him.  He  was 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  University 
of  Leipsic. 

Horner,  William  Edmonds — An  American 
anatomist,  born  in  Warrenton,  Va., 
June  3,  1793;  died  in  Philadelphia, 
March  13,  1853.  The  tensor  tarsi,  or 
Horner's  muscle,  is  a  small  thin  muscle 
about  three  lines  in  breadth  and  six  in 


d)e  Wnxl^'a  3lnatomi6t6 


length,  situated  at  the  inner  side  of  the 
orbit,  behind  the  tendo  oculi.  He  was 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania ;  author  of  various 
treatises  on  anatomy,  histology,  and 
pathology,  and  the  first  to  demonstrate 
the  true  character  of  the  "  rice-water " 
discharges  in  cholera. 

Houston,  J  oh  n. — An  Irish  surgeon,  born 
1802 ;  died  1845.  Three  prominent  folds 
of  mucous  membrane  in  the  interior 
of  the  rectum  are  known  as  Houston's 
folds.  Also  a  band  of  muscular  fibres 
described  by  him,  and  capable  of  com- 
pressing the  veins  of  the  penis,  is  termed 
Houston's   muscles. 

Hovius,  Jacobus. — A  Dutch  anatomist, 
born  1710;  died  1786.  The  ciliary 
canal  is  named  for  him — canal  of  Ho- 
vius; also  a  plexus  of  veins  in  the  cili- 
ary region  of  the  eye  is  termed  Ho- 
vius's  plexus. 

Howship,  John.  — An  English  surgeon, 
born —  ;  died  1841.  Howship's  la- 
cunae  in  bone  are  named   for  him. 

Huguier,  Pierre  Charles — A  French  sur- 
geon, born  at  Sezanne  in  1804;  died  in 
Paris,  1873.  The  canal  of  Huguier,  in 
the  middle  ear,  and  ihe  pair  of  small 
glands  which  open  into  the  vagina — 
glands  of  Huguier, — are  named  for  him. 

Hunter,  John. — An  English  surgeon,  born 
at  Long  Calderwood,  in  Lanarkshire,  in 
1728;  died  suddenly  in  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital in  1793.  The  triangular  canal  giv- 
ing passage  to  the  femoral  artery  and 
vein,  and  the  internal  saphenous  nerve, 
is  termed  Hunter's  canal. 


d)e  Woxiii'6  Slnatomifitfii 


Huschke,  Emil.— A  German  anatomist, 
born  at  Weimar  in  1797;  died  at  Jena 
in  1858.  The  foramen  of  Huschke  is 
named  for  him ;  also  the  valve  of  mu- 
cous membrane  situated  at  the  point 
where  the  common  canal  formed  by  the 
canaliculi    enters    the   lachrymal    sac. 

Ingrassias,  Giovanni  Filippo. — An  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  at  Re- 
calbuto,  near  Palermo,  in  1510;  died  at 
Palermo  in  1580.  The  lesser  wings  of 
the  sphenoid  bone  are  termed  the  pro- 
cesses of  Ingrassias.  He  was  called  the 
Sicilian  Hippocrates,  and  was  the  first 
physician  who  described  scarlet  fever. 
He  was  a  professor  at  Naples,  and  the 
most  accurate  osteologist  of  his  age, 
and  one  of  the  best  myologists. 

Jacob,  Arthur. — An  Irish  physician  and 
ophthalmic  surgeon,  born  1790;  died 
1874.  The  layer  of  rods  and  cones  of 
the  retina  is  termed  Jacob's  membrane. 

Jacobson,  Ludvig  Levin. — A  Danish  anat- 
omist, born  1783;  died  1843.  His  name 
is  associated  with  a  number  of  anatom- 
ical structures,  and  is  best  preserved 
in  Jacobson's  nerve, — the  tympanic 
branch  of  the  glosso-pharyngeal  nerve. 

Kerckring,  Theodorus — A  Dutch  anato- 
mist, born  in  Hamburg  in  1640,  where 
he  died  in  1693.  The  valvulse  conniven- 
tes  are  known  as  the  valves  of  Kerck- 
ring. 

Key,  Ernst  Axel  Henrik. — A  Swedish  phy- 
sician, born  in  1832;  died  1901.  Two 
foramina  at  the  extremities  of  the  lat- 
eral recesses  of  fourth  ventricle,  behind 
the  upper  roots  of  the  glossopharyngeal 
nerves,  connect  the  cisterna  magna  with 


C|)t  ^orlD'iS  SlnatomiBtfi 


the  fourth  ventricle.     These  are  known 
as  the  foramina  of  Ke}--  and  Retzius. 

Kobelt,  George  L. — A  German  physician, 
born  1804;  died  1857.  Kobelt's  tubes — 
the  blind  tubes  of  the  parovarium, — are 
named  for  him. 

KoUiker,  Rudolf  Albert  von. — A  Swiss  anat- 
omist born  in  Ziirich  in  1817.  Still  liv- 
ing. The  neuroglia  immediately  sur- 
rounding the  epithelium  of  the  central 
canal  of  the  spinal  cord  is  named  after 
him, — central  grey  nucleus  of  Kolliker. 
He  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Wiirz- 
burg. 

Koyter,  Volcherus  (also  written  Colter). — 
A  Dutch  anatomist,  born  1534;  died 
1600.  He  served  a  time  as  a  military 
surgeon,  and  finally  settled  in  Nurem- 
berg. Baas  says  he  was  the  first  to 
describe  two  anterior  and  two  posterior 
nerve-roots.  The  corrugator  supercilii 
was  first  described  by  this  anatomist,  and 
has  been  named  for  him, — musculus 
Coiteri. 

Krause,  Wilhelm — A  German  anatomist, 
born  1833.  The  spherical,  or  ovoid,  cor- 
puscles occurring  at  the  ends  of  the 
nerve  tubules  that  emerge  from  a  nerve 
plexus  are  named  Krause's  corpuscles, 
after   this   anatomist. 

Kiihne,  Willy. — A  German  phA'sician,  born 
1S37 ;  died  1900.  He  was  the  first  to 
describe  accurately  the  motorial  end- 
plates  of  nerves  in  muscle  fibre.  He 
was   a   professor   at    Heidelberg. 

Lancisi,  Giovanni  Maria. — An  Italian 
physician,    born    in    Rome,    1654;    died 

34 


John 
Hunter 


See  page  32. 


Reproduced  from  a  work  on  Surgery,  pub- 
lished ill  1812. 


Snbe  ^orlU'fi  Inatomifits 


1720.  The  striae  longitudinales  of  the 
brain  are  called  the  nerves  of  Lancisi. 
Laumonier,  Jean  Baptiste. — A  French  anat- 
omist and  surgeon,  born  1749;  died  1818. 
The  ganglion  caroticum  superioris  is 
known  as  Lanmonier's  ganglion.  In  the 
year  1781,  at  Rouen,  this  surgeon  ac- 
cidentally performed  an  ovariotomy 
while  performing  another  operation.  It 
is  interesting  to  know  that  the  same 
"  accident "  had  occurred  to  Robert 
Houston,  in  Glasgow,  in  1701.  Dr. 
McDowell,  of  Kentucky,  first  deliberate- 
ly planned  and  executed  the  operation 
in  1809. 

Lauth,  Thomas. — A  German  anatomist, 
born  at  Strassburg  in  1758;  died  in  1826. 
The  transverse  ligament  of  the  atlas  is 
named  after  him. 

Leber,  Theodore  L, — A  German  anatomist 
and  ophthalmologist,  born  1840.  His 
name  is  preserved  in  the  plexus  of 
Leber,  a  small  venous  plexus  situated 
between  the  canal  of  Schlemm  and  the 
spaces  of  Fontana. 

Leydig,  Franz  von. — A  German  anatomist, 
born  at  Rothenburg  in  1821.  He  was  a 
professor  at  Bonn.  Leydig's  duct, 
named  for  this  anatomist,  is  the  same 
as  the  Wolffian   duct.      (See  Wolff.) 

Lieberkixhn,  Johann  Nathaniel. — A  German 
physician  and  naturalist,  born  in  Berlin, 
1711;  died  1756  (Mayne)  ;  1765  (Baas). 
The  simple  follicles  of  the  small  intes- 
tines are  named  for  him, — crypts  of 
Lieberkiihn.  He  distinguished  himself 
as  an  artistic  injector  and  microscopist, 
inventing  the  solar  microscope  in   1738. 


37 


Ct)e  Wtivi'n'6  Inatomifitfi 


Lieutaud,  Joseph. — A  French  anatomist, 
born  at  Aix  in  1703 ;  died  in  Paris, 
1780.  He  was  professor  at  Aix  until 
he  became,  in  1749,  physician  to  the 
royal  children,  and,  in  1774,  ordinary 
physician  to  Louis  XVI.  He  was  an 
extensive  author.  His  name  has  been 
preserved  in  the  uvula  of  Lieutaud, — a 
longitudinal  median  ridge  in  the  trigone 
of  the  bladder. 

Littre,  Alexis. — A  French  surgeon,  born 
at  Cordes  in  1658;  died  at  Paris  in  1726 
(Mayne)  ;  1725  (Baas).  The  glands  of 
Littre  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
urethra  are  named  for  him.  He  devised 
in  1710  a  method  for  establishing  an 
artificial  anus,  which  method  has  since 
borne  his  name. 

Lbwenberg,  Benjamin  Benno — A  German 
surgeon,  born  at  Sonnenburg,  1836.  He 
eventually  became  an  aural  surgeon  in 
Paris.  That  portion  of  the  cochlear 
canal  situated  above  the  membrane  of 
Corti  is  termed  the  canal  of  Lowenberg. 

Lower,  Richard — An  English  physician, 
born  at  Trenmore,  in  Cornwall,  in  1631 ; 
died  in  London,  1691.  His  name  is  pre- 
served in  the  tuberculum  Loweri  of  the 
heart.  Foster  believes  that  Willis'  fame 
in  a  large  measure  rested  on  Lower's 
careful,  unacknowledged  work.  He 
was   the   instructor  of  Willis. 

Ludwig,  Daniel  (Latin)  Ludovicus. — A 
German  physician,  born  at  Weimar  in. 
1625;  died  in  1680.  He  was  ordinaryj 
physician  to  the  duke  of  Gotha.  Hel 
was   styled   "  the   immortal    reformer  ofj 

3S 


^ht  WavWs  ^mtomi&ts 


the  Materia  Medica."  The  well-defined 
transverse  ridge  in  the  sternum,  at  the 
junction  of  the  manubrium  and  gladio- 
lus, termed  the  angle  of  Ludovici,  is 
supposed  to  be  named  for  this  physi- 
cian. This  is  sometimes  styled  Louis' 
angle. 

Ludwig,  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm. — A  Ger- 
man physiologist,  born  at  Witzenhau- 
sen  in  1816;  died  1895.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  successively  at 
Marburg,  Ziirich,  Vienna,  and  Leipsic. 
Ludwig's  ganglion  on  the  cardiac  plex- 
us is  named  for  him. 

Luschka,  Hubert  von. — A  German  anato- 
mist, born  in  Constance,  1820;  died  at 
Tubingen,  1875.  Luschka's  cartilage  in 
the  vocal  cord,  also  Luschka's  gland,  or 
the  coccygeal  gland,  which  he  discov- 
ered, are  named  for  him. 

Luys,  Jules  Bernard.— A  French  anatomist 
and  physician,  born  in  1828.  The 
nucleus  pedunculi  cerebri  is  named  after 
this   physician, — Luys'   body. 

McBurney,  Charles. — An  American  sur- 
geon, born  1845.  The  name  McBurney's 
point  is  for  this  surgeon,  who  described 
it  as  follows :  A  point  on  a  line  be- 
tween the  anterior  superior  iliac  spine 
and  the  umbilicus,  situated  two-and-a- 
half  inches  from  the  former.  This 
point  is  noted  as  marking  the  region  of 
greatest  tenderness  in  many  cases  of 
appendicitis. 

Magendie,  Francois. — A  French  surgeon 
and  physiologist,  born  at  Bordeaux  in 
1783 ;  died  in  Paris,  1855.    A  small  open- 

39 


C|)e  Wtixiti'&  UnatomifitE; 


ing  in  the  roof,  or  posterior  wall,  of  the 
fourth  ventricle.,  just  above  the  level  of 
the  point  vrhere  the  central  canal  of  the 
cord  opens  out  into  the  ventricle,  is 
named  foramen  of  ]Magendie  for  him. 
Sometimes  it  is  spelled  Majendie.  He 
is  better  known  by  a  solution  of  mor- 
phia— Magendie's  solution, — 16  grains  of 
sulphate  of  morphia  in  an  ounce  of 
water. 
Malacarne,  Michele  Vincenzo  Giacinto. — 
An  Italian  anatomist  and  physician, 
born  in  1744;  died  at  Padua,  in  1816. 
He  was  professor  at  Pavia,  Padua,  and 
Turin.  He  wrote  a  systematic  treatise 
upon  the  tissues  of  the  bodj^  and  some 
chirurgico-anatomical  works.  The  hind- 
er end  of  the  pyramid  of  the  cerebellum 
is  named  for  this  anatomist, — Mala- 
carne's  pyramid. 

Malpighi,  Marcello. — An  Italian  anatomist 
and  microscopist,  born  at  Crevalcuore, 
near  Bologna,  1628;  died  in  Rome, 
1694.  Malpighi  was  the  first  to  de- 
scribe the  minute  structure  of  the  kid- 
ney, and  recorded  the  arrangement  of 
the  pyramids,  bodies,  capsules  and 
tufts.  He  noticed  that  the  pyramids 
Vv-ere  composed  of  minute  tubes,  but  at 
a  later  date  Bellini  gave  them  the  name 
of  uriniferous  tubes.  In  the  spleen  his 
name  is  associated  with  the  bodies  of 
that  organ.  He  deserves  all  the  credit 
of  the  discovery  of  the  cutaneous  mem- 
brane which  bears  his  name — rete 
Malpighii, — as  well  as  the  further  credit 
of  detecting  that  the  external  color  of 
the  different  races  of  men  is  not  due  to 
any    difference    of    color    in    the    blood 


f^ 


Henry 

Morris 


Sec  page  yS. 


C|)c  WoxWs  9lnatomi6tfi! 


circulating  through  them.  Malpighi, 
in  1661,  while  examining  the  lungs  and 
mesentery  of  frogs,  discovered  the 
capillary  circulation.  He  also  discov- 
ered the  red  corpuscles  of  the  blood 
in  1665.  He  is,  also,  properly  regarded 
as  the  founder  of  embryology. 

Manz,  Wilhelm.— A  German  physiologist, 
born  in  Freiburg  in  1833.  The  flask- 
like depressions  found  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  annulus  conjunctiva  of  ani- 
mals, and  sometimes  in  man,  are  named 
Manz's  glands.  They  are  not  true 
glands. 

Marshall,  John.— An  English  anatomist 
and  surgeon,  born  1818;  died  1891.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  surgery  at 
University  College  in  1866,  and  of 
anatomy  at  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1873.  In  1883  he  became  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  Be- 
tween the  left  pulmonary  artery  and 
subjacent  pulmonary  vein  is  a  triangu- 
lar fold  of  the  serous  pericardium ;  it 
is  known  as  the  vestigial  fold  of 
Marshall. 

Mauchart,  Burkhard  David. — A  German 
anatomist  and  surgeon,  born  at  Mar- 
bach  in  1696;  died  at  Tubingen,  1751. 
He  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery at  Tiibingen.  He  did  away  with 
the  doctrine  of  the  laceration  of  the 
peritoneum  in  the  origin  of  hernia.  The 
odontoid,  or  check  ligaments  (alar  liga- 
ments), are  named  for  this  anatomist. 

Mauthner,  Ludwig. — An  Austrian  ophthal- 
mologist, born  in  Prague  in  1840.  The 
thin   membrane    which    invests    the   axis 


Cbe  l^orlU'fii  anatomifitfi 


cylinder  of  a  nerve,  separating  it  from 
the  white  substance  of  Schwann,  is 
named  Mauthner's  sheath. 

Meckel,  Johann  Friedrich,  Sr. — A  German 
anatomist,  born  at  Wetzlar  in  1714;  died 
in  Berlin,  1774.  The  spheno-palatine 
ganglion — the  largest  of  the  cranial 
ganglia — is  named  for  this  anatomist. 
Meckel's  diverticulum  is  also  named 
for  him.  In  1856,  Dr.  J.  M.  Carnochan, 
of  New  York,  first  removed  ^Meckel's 
ganglion  and  the  second  division  of 
the  fifth  nerve  for  the  relief  of 
neuralgia. 

Meckel,  Johann  Friedrich,  Jr. — A  German 
anatomist,  born  at  Halle  in  1781 ;  died, 
1833.  Grandson  of  Johann  Friedrich 
Meckel,  Sr.,  mentioned  in  the  preced- 
ing paragraph.  Meckel's  cartilage  of 
the  mandibular  arch  in  the  embryo  is 
named   for  this   anatomist. 

Meibom,  Heinrich. — A  German  physician, 
born  at  Lubeck  in  1638;  died  at  Helm- 
stadt  in  1700.  ^The  series  of  acinous 
sebaceous  glands  situated  on  the  mar- 
gin of  each  ej-elid  are  named  Meibo- 
mian  glands,   after   this   physician. 

Meissner,  Georg. — A  German  physiologist, 
born  in  Hanover  in  1829.  His  name  is 
especially  associated  with  Meissner's 
plexus  of  nerves  in  the  sub-mucous 
layer  of  the  small  intestine.  He  was 
professor  of  physiology  at  Gottingen. 

Merkel,  Karl  Ludwig. — A  German  anat- 
omist, born  in  Leipzig  in  1812 ;  died 
1876.  The  tactile  corpuscles,  the  small 
.sub-epidermic   groups    of   ganglion   cells 


Cbe  ^orlU'fi  ^natomifitfi! 


in  connection  with  the  nerves  of  the 
skin,  are  named  for  him, — Merkel's 
ganglia. 
Mery,  Jean — A  French  surgeon,  born  at 
Vatan  in  1645;  died  at  Paris,  1722. 
Mery's  glands  are  synonymous  with 
Cowper's  glands. 

Meynert,  Theodore.— An  Austrian  physi- 
cian, born  1833.  Several  anatomical 
parts  in  the  brain  are  named  for  this 
person, — as  Meynert's  ammon's-horn 
formation,  the  third  layer  of  the  cortex 
cerebri,  etc. 

Mohrenheim,  Baron  Joseph  Jacob  Freiherr 
von. — An  Austrian  gynecologist  and 
surgeon,  born  —  ;  died  1799.  Moh- 
renheim's  fossa,  or  space,  is  named  for 
him, —  infraclavicular  fossa.  He  prac- 
ticed first  in  Vienna,  and  was  subse- 
quently professor  of  surgery  at  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  died.  He  was  or- 
dinary physician  of  Catherine  U,  and 
obstetrician  to  the  Grand  Duchess.  He 
was   also   distinguished   as   an   oculist. 

Moll,  Jacob  Antonius. — A  Dutch  histolo- 
gist,  born  —  ;  died  — .  The  glands 
of  Moll,  found  in  the  eyelids,  are  named 
for  him. 

Monro,  Alexander.— A  Scotch  anatomist, 
born  in  London  in  1697;  died  1767.  A 
communication  between  the  lateral  and 
third  ventricles  —  foramen  of  Monro  — 
is  named  for  this  anatomist.  This  fora- 
men had  been  previously  described  by 
Vieussens.  A  slight  depression  on  the 
wall  of  the  third  ventricle  is  named  the 
sulcus  of  Monro.  He  was  known  as 
Monro  primus ;  his  son,  Alexander  Mon- 


45 


C|)e  WovW^  StnatomiBitEi 


ro,  as  Monro  seciindus  (1733-1817)  ;  his 
grandson,  Alexander  Monro,  as  Monro 
tertius  ( 1773 -1859).  It  will  be  seen  that 
all  lived  to  old  age.  All  were  professors 
in  early  life — at  23,  21,  and  25,  respective- 
ly. Father,  son,  and  grandson  held  the 
anatomical  chairs  in  Edinburg  from  1720 
to  1846, — a  period  of  126  years. 

Montgomery,  William  Fetherston, — An 
Irish  physician,  born  1797;  died  1850. 
The  sebaceous  glands  in  the  areola  of 
the  nipple  which  undergo  hypertrophy 
in  pregnancy  are  named  for  this  phy- 
sician,— IMontgomerj-'s    glands. 

Morand,  Sauveur  Francois — A  French  sur- 
geon, born  in  Paris  in  1697 ;  died  1773. 
The  hippocampus  minor  is  named 
Morand's  spur. 

Morgagni,  Giovanni  Battista. — An  Italian 
physician  and  pathologist,  born  at 
Forli  in  1682;  died  at  Padua  in  1771. 
The  name  of  Morgagni  is  associated 
with  numerous  anatomical  structures, 
as  Morgagni's  hydatid,  sinus  of  Mor- 
gagni, etc.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Valsalva. 
He  wrote  extensively  on  pathology, — 
his  greatest  work  on  pathological  anat- 
omy was  issued  in  his  seventy-ninth 
year.  He  filled  the  chair  of  anatomy 
at  Padua  for  fifty-nine  years.  For 
some  years  prior  to  his  death  he  was 
blind,  but  he  continued  his  work.  The 
King  of  Sardinia,  Emanuel  III,  was 
his  friend,  and  four  Popes, — Clements 
XI,  XII,  XIII,  and  Benedict  XIV,  all 
honored  him.  He  was  the  father  of 
fifteen    children. 

Mulder,  Johannes.— A  Dutch  anatomist, 
born    in    Franeker     in    1769;     died     in 

46 


C|)e  ^orlU'fi!  3lnatomi6t6 


Groningen,  1810.  He  was  professor  of 
anatomy,  surgery,  obstetrics,  and  physio- 
logy at  Groningen.  The  angle  formed 
by  the  intersection  of  the  facial  line 
of  Camper  with  a  line  drawn  from  the 
root  of  nose  to  the  spheno-occipital 
suture  is  known  as  Mulder's  angle. 

Miiller,  Heinrich. — A  German  anatomist, 
born  at  Castell  in  1820;  died  in  Wiirz- 
burg  in  1864.  His  name  is  associated 
with  the  circular  fibres  of  the  ciliary 
muscle  which  lie  near  the  iris ;  also  a 
layer  of  unstriped  muscle  fibres  bridging 
over  the  spheno-maxillary  fissure.  He 
was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Wurzburg. 

Miiller,  Johannes.— A  German  physiologist, 
and  comparative  anatomist,  born  at  Cob- 
lenz  in  1801 ;  died  in  Berlin  in  1858.  He 
was  the  first  to  describe  minutely  the 
Mijllerian  duct  in  the  embryo. 

Naboth,  Martin. — A  Saxon  physician, 
born  in  1675;  died  in  1721.  His  name 
is  preserved  in  the  dilated  mucous  fol- 
licles situated  in  the  neck  of  the  uterus, 
— glands  of  Naboth.  He  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Leipsic. 

Nasmyth,    Alexander. — A  Scotch  dental 

surgeon,  born ;  died  1847.     The  cu- 

ticula  dentis,  or  Nasmyth's  membrane, 
is  named  for  him.  He  practiced  in 
London. 

Nelaton,  Auguste.— A  French  surgeon, 
born  at  Paris  in  1807;  died  there  in 
1873.  Nelaton's  test  line  is  named  for 
this  surgeon :  A  line  drawn  from  the 
anterior  superior  spinous  process  of  the 


d)e  WoxVa's  3tnatomifiit6 


ilium  over  the  outer  side  of  the  hip 
to  the  most  prominent  part  of  the  tuber- 
osity of  the  ischium.  In  health  the  top 
of  the  great  trochanter  should  just 
touch  this  line  in  every  stage  of  flexion 
and  extension  of  the  joint,  provided 
there  is  neither  abduction  nor  adduc- 
tion. It  crosses  the  center  of  the  ace- 
tabulum. 

Neubauer,  Johann  Ernst,— A  German  anat- 
omist, born  at  Giessen  in  1742;  died  at 
Jena,  1777.  An  occasional  branch  of 
the  inferior  thyroid  artery  is  named  for 
this   anatomist, — Neubauer's   artery. 

Nuck,  Anton. — A  Dutch  anatomist,  born 
in  1669;  died  in  1742  (Mayne).  (Born 
1650;  died  1692.  Baas).  His  name  is 
preserved  in  the  canal  of  Nuck,  a  pro- 
longation or  diverticulum  of  the  perito- 
neum, which  in  females  extends  for 
some  distance  down  the  inguinal  canal. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  dentist, 
oculist,  and  aurist;  was  first  among  the 
Moderns  to  perform  paracentesis  of  the 
cornea,  cauterization  of  the  antitragus 
for  toothache ;  also  made  artificial  teeth 
from  the  teeth  of  the  hippopotamus, 
and  prohibited  the  extraction  of  teeth 
in  pregnant  women.  He  was  professor 
of  anatomy  at  Leyden. 

Nuhn,  Anton. — A  German  anatomist,  born 

at  Heidelberg  in   1814;   died .     The 

glands  of  Nuhn, — same  as  glands  of 
Blandin.  He  was  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  the  University  of  Heidelberg. 

Oehl,  Eusebio. — An  Italian  anatomist  and 
physician,  born  at  Lodi  in  1877.  Pro- 
fessor  of   physiology   in   the   University 

48 


Andreas 
Vesalius 

Sec  page  66. 


From  a  rare  old  etching. 


d)c  ^orlU*6  3liiatomifiitfi 


of  Pavia.  The  striatum  lucidum,  one 
of  the  epidermal  layers,  is  known  as 
Oehl's  layer. 

Oken.Lorenz.— A  German  physiologist  and 
physician,  born  at  Bohlsbach,  in  Baden, 
in  1779;  died  at  Zurich,  1851.  He  was 
a  professor  in  Zurich.  The  corpus 
Okense,  the  same  as  the  Wolffian  body 
{q.  v.),   is   named   for  him. 

Pacchioni,  Antonio. — An  Italian  anatomist, 
born  at  Reggio  in  1665 ;  died  in  Rome 
in  1726.  The  Pacchionian  glands  are 
named  for  this  anatomist. 

Pacini,  Filippo.— An  Italian  anatomist, 
born  in  Pistoja  in  1812;  died  in  Flor- 
ence in  1883.  He  was  the  first  to  de- 
scribe minutely  the  Pacinian  corpuscles, 
or  the  end-bulbs  of  certain  nerves. 
They  are  sometimes  known  as  Vater's 
corpuscles.      (SeeVater). 

Pansch,  Adolf.— A  German  anatomist,  born 
1841 ;  died  1887.  A  fissure  between  the 
parietal  lobules  of  the  cerebrum,  begin- 
ning near  the  ventral  end  of  the  central 
fissure,  and  running  to  near  the  tip  of 
the  occipital  lobe  including  the  parietal 
and  paroccipital  fissure,  is  termed  the 
fissure  of  Pansch.  This  is  also  some- 
times known  as  fissure  of  Pansch  and 
Dallon. 

Pander,  Heinrich  Christian  von.— A  Ger- 
man anatomist,  born  at  Riga  in  1794; 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  1865.  A  brown- 
colored,  lentil-shaped  mass  of  gray 
nerve  substance,  lying  between  the 
nucleus  tegumenti  and  the  corresponding 
corpus  albicans  beneath  the  optic  thalam- 

51 


(Ll)c  ^orltj'fii  Unatomtfitfi 


us,  is  named  Pander's  nucleus  pedunculi 
cerebri. 
Pecquet,  Jean.— A  French  anatomist  and 
surgeon  of  Dieppe,  born  1622;  died  1674. 
He  practiced  first  in  Dieppe,  and  subse- 
quently in  Paris.  In  1651,  he  made 
known  the  discovery  of  the  receptacle 
of  the  chyle  and  its  continuation  as 
the  thoracic  duct,  which  he  says  he 
had  come  upon  years  before  while 
studying  at  Montpellier.  He  elaborated 
the  discoveries  of  Aselli.  In  1652,  Van 
Horn  made  known  the  same  discovery 
independently   of   Pecquet. 

Petit,    Francois    Pourfour   du A    French 

surgeon  and  anatomist,  born  1718;  died 
1794.  He  first  described  what  has  been 
since  called  the  canal  of  Petit, — a  saccu- 
lated canal  which  encircles  the  crystal- 
line lens. 

Petit,  Jean  Louis — A  French  surgeon, 
born  1674;  died  1750.  This  is  the  sur- 
geon for  whom  Petit's  triangle  is 
named.  His  name  is  associated  with 
several  operations,  especially  herniotomy 
without  opening  the  sac.  His  fame 
was  so  great  that  he  was  called  to  Po- 
land to  treat  Augustus  the  Strong,  and 
also  to  Spain.  Frederick  the  Great  and 
other  sovereigns  sought  his  pupils  for 
field   surgeons. 

Payer,  Johann  Konrad. — A  Swiss  anato- 
mist, born  at  Schaffhausen  in  1653;  died 
there  in  1712.  Peyer's  patches,  or 
glands,  in  the  walls  of  the  small  in- 
testines were  first  described  by  Peyer 
in  1677.  Claimed  that  he  discovered 
them  in  1673. 

52 


Cl)e  ^orlU'fii  Inatomifitfi 


Poupart,  Francois. — A  French  surgeon 
and  anatomist,  born  at  Mans,  1661 ;  died 
1708  (Mayne),  October  31,  1709  (Cen- 
tury Dicty.).  The  lower  border  of  the 
aponeurosis  of  the  external  oblique 
muscle,  extending  from  the  anterior 
superior  spine  of  the  ilium  to  the  spine 
of  the  pubis,  is  named  Poupart's  liga- 
ment   after   this    surgeon. 

Purkinje,  Johannes  Evangelista. — A  Hun- 
garian anatomist  and  physiologist,  born 
1787;  died  1869.  The  central  or  axial 
part  of  a  nerve  tubule  is  named  for 
Purkinje.  His  name  is  also  associated 
with  a  number  of  other  structures.  He 
founded  the  first  physiological  institute 
in  Breslau,  over  half  a  century  ago. 

Ranke,  Hans  Rudolph.— A  Dutch  anatomist 
and  surgeon,  born  1849;  died  1887.  In 
the  short  span  of  life  allotted  to  this 
man  he  became  a  famous  operator,  and 
was  recognized  as  a  philanthropist.  The 
nasal  angle  of  Ranke  is  named  for  him : 
The  angle  included  between  the  horizon- 
tal plane  of  the  skull  and  a  line  passing 
through  the  mid-line  of  the  alveolar 
border  of  the  upper  jaw  beneath  the 
nasal  spine  and  the  center  of  the 
fronto-nasal  suture.      {Mayne). 

Ranvier,  Louis. — A  French  histologist, 
born  1835.  The  nodes  of  Ranvier  in  cer- 
tain nerve  tissues  are  named  for  him. 

Rathke,  Martin  Heinrich. — A  German  anat- 
omist, born  1793;  died  i860.  Rathke's 
pouch  in  the  embryo  preserves  his 
name. 

Rau  (Ravius)  Johann  J.— A  Dutch  anat- 
omist, born  at  Baden  in  1658;  died  T719. 

53 


(E\)t  ^orltJ'fii  ^Inatomifiitfi; 


He  rendered  excellent  service  in  in- 
creasing our  knowledge  of  the  malleus 
and  the  membranous  labyrinth.  The 
processus  gracilis  of  the  malleus  is 
named  for  him, — processus  Ravii. 
Emerging  from  the  cottage  of  the  poor, 
he  became  first  a  barber  and  in  this 
capacity  travelled  about  extensively. 
Finally  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  Leyden,  where 
he  improved  the  methods  of  instruction 
by  the  introduction  of  practical  exer- 
cises in  operating  upon  the  cadaver.  He 
was  famous  as  a  lithotomist. 

Recklinghausen,  Friedrich  Daniel  von A 

German     physiologist     and     histologist, 

born      1833;     died .       The     minute 

canals  supposed  by  Recklinghausen  to 
exist  in  all  connective  tissue,  and  to 
form  the  beginnings  of  the  lymphatic 
vessels,  are  termed  the  canals  of 
Recklinghausen. 

Reil,  Johann  Christian. — A  German  phy- 
sician, born  at  Rhaude,  in  East  Fries- 
land,  in  1759;  died  1813.  He  is  best 
known  in  anatomical  studies  by  the 
island  of  Reil,  in  the  cerebrum,  which 
was  named  for  him.  He  was  a  profes- 
sor at  Halle. 

Remak,  Robert. — A  German  physician, 
born  1815;  died  1867  (Mayne),  1865 
(Baas).  His  name  is  associated  with  the 
gray,  or  gelatinous  nerve-fibres,  so 
abundant  in  the  sympathetic  system, 
and  to  a  less  extent  in  the  cerebro- 
spinal system, — fibres  of  Remak.  He 
was  noted  for  his  studies  in  electro- 
therapeutics. 


'Thomas 
Willis 


See  page  73. 


A  photographic  reproduction  of  a  fine  line 
engraving  from  an  original  sculpture  by 
G.   Virtue,  made  in   1742. 


C|)e  WaxWs  Stnatomtfits 


Ribes,  Francois, — A  French  physician, 
born  1800;  died  1864.  The  ganglion 
of  Ribes, — the  existence  of  which  is 
denied — located  in  the  sympathetic  sys- 
tem, is  named  for  this  physician.  He 
was  a  professor  at  Montpellier. 

Riolan,  Jean,  Jr. — A  French  anatomist, 
born  1577;  died  1657.  He  was  a  volum- 
inous writer,  his  works  being  published 
in  the  Latin  language.  Riolan's  bouquet 
is  a  term  for  the  mass  of  muscles  and 
ligaments  attached  to  the  styloid  pro- 
cess. His  name  is  preserved  also  in 
the  arched  transverse  mesocolon,  and 
Riolan's  muscle, — that  portion  of  the 
orbicularis  palpebrarum  which  passes 
among  the  roots  of  the  eyelashes. 

Rivinus,  August  Quirin. — A  German  phy- 
sician, born  1652,  or  1676  (?);  died  1723 
(Mayne).  (Bachmann  is  his  German 
name).  He  is  accredited  as  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  duct  of  the  sublingual 
gland, — ducts  of  Rivinus — there  being 
eight  to  twenty  in  number.  This  dis- 
covery has  also  been  claimed  for  Cas- 
per Bartholin,  Jr.  The  name  Rivhius 
is  also  associated  with  some  other  anat- 
omical  structures. 

Robin,  Charles  Philippe, — A  French  his- 
tologist,  born  1821  ;  died  1885.  The 
polar  bodies  of  Robin  in  the  ovum  are 
named  for  him.  He  was  the  founder 
of  histology  in  France,  and  one  of  the 
editors  of  Littre's  famous  medical  en- 
cyclopaedia. 

Rolando,  Luigi.  — An  Italian  anatomist, 
born  in  Piedmont  in  1773;  died  in  1831. 
The  name  of  Rolando  is  perpetuated  in 

57 


le  WoxWa  Inatorufitfii 


the    several    anatomical    names,    fissure, 
tubercle,  and  funiculus  of  Rolando. 

Rosenmiiller,  Johannes  Christianas. — A 
German  anatomist,  born  1771 ;  died  1820. 
His  name  is  perpetuated  in  the  palpebral 
portion  of  the  lachrymal  gland,  the 
parovarium,  and  also  the  depression  on 
the  lateral  wall  of  the  naso-pharynx  be- 
hind the  pharyngeal  orifice  of  the 
Eustachian  tube.  He  was  a  professor 
at  Leipsic. 

Ruysch,  Friedrich. — A  Dutch  anatomist, 
born  1638;  died  1731.  His  name  is  pre- 
served in  the  tunica  Ruyschiana  of  the 
eye,  as  well  as  in  other  structures.  He 
was  a  professor  at  Amsterdam.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  minute  injections,  in 
which  he  became  very  skillful.  He 
formed  an  anatomical  collection  which 
Peter  the  Great  bought  at  an  expense 
of  $75,000,  and  transported  to  Russia. 
He  was  then  79  years  old,  but  he  went 
to  work  and  created  a  second  collection. 
His  son,  who  was  his  assistant,  died, 
and  then  his  daughter,  Rachel,  who 
was  a  painter  of  flowers,  took  up  the 
work  and  helped  her  father.  His  second 
museum  sold  for  $50,000.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  93  years. 

Ryff,  Walther  Hermann. — A  German  sur- 
geon of  Strassburg,  about  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  In  1541  he 
wrote  the  first  work  on  anatomy  in  the 
German  language.  He  also  wrote  on 
surgery  in  1559,  in  which  he  mentions 
the  ligation  of  arteries  with  a  silk 
thread, — in  the  arm  above,  in  the  neck 
below,    the   wound. 

58 


CI)c  Woxiti's  3tnatomi6t6 


k 


Santorini,  Giovanni  Domenico. — A  Vene- 
tian anatomist,  born  1681 ;  died  1737. 
He  described  the  corpuscula  Santorini 
of  the  larynx,  and  his  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  several  other  anatomical 
parts.  The  risorius  is  named  the 
muscle  of  Santorini.  He  was  a  pro- 
fessor in  Venice.  A  number  of  his 
anatomical  plates  were  published  a 
quarter  of  a  century  after  his   death. 

Scarpa,  Antonio. — An  Italian  anatomist 
and  surgeon,  born  at  Motta  in  1747 
(Mayne)  ;  died  at  Pavia  in  1832.  The 
year  of  his  birth  is  given  differently 
by  nearly  every  biographer,  some  mak- 
ing it  1748,  others  1750.  Richardson, 
for  good  reasons,  prefers  1746.  Proba- 
bly best  known  by  the  triangle  named 
after  him.  He  did  a  great  work  in 
dissection  of  the  internal  ear,  and  the 
endolymph  is  also  named  for  him,  as 
well  as  a  number  of  other  tissues.  Up 
to  his  sixty-sixth  year,  Scarpa  con- 
tinued to  hold  the  Chair  of  Anatomy 
at  Pavia.  In  his  last  years,  he  who 
helped  to  restore  so  many  to  sight  tem- 
porarily  lost,   himself  became   blind. 

Schneider,  Conrad  Victor. — A  Saxon  anat- 
omist, born  1610  (Mayne)  ;  1614 
{Baas)  ;  died  1680.  The  Schneiderian 
membrane  is  named  for  him.  He  dem- 
onstrated anatomically  and  clinically, 
that  it  was  not  the  brain,  but  the  mu- 
cous membrane  which  secreted  the 
mucus  discharged  in  disease, — an  ex- 
planation which  now  seems  so  simple 
to  us,  and  yet  upset  the  whole  doctrine 
of  the  Ancients,  who  believed  the  con- 


C^e  ^orlU'fii  Inatomifitfi 


trary.     He  was  a  professor  in  Witten- 
berg. 

Schrager  (or  Schreger)  Bernhard  Gottlob. 
— A  German  surgeon  and  anatomist, 
born  1766;  died  1825.  Schrager's  lines 
in  the  dentine  of  the  teeth  are  named 
for   him. 

Schron,  Ottone. — A  German  anatomist, 
born  1837.  A  small,  bright,  apparently 
solid  body  described  by  Schron  as 
existing  in  the  germinal  spot  is  named 
the  granule  of  Schron,  for  this  anat- 
omist. 

Schultze,  Max  J.  S — A  German  physiolo- 
gist and  histologist,  born  1825;  died 
1874.  Several  tissues  are  named  after 
him,  especially  the  primitive  fibrillae 
of  Schultze. 

Schwann,  Thomas. — A  German  physiolo- 
gist, born  1810;  died  1882.  The  white 
substance  of  Schwann  in  nerve  tissue 
is  named  for  him.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  animal  cells. 

Sharpey,  William.— An  English  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  born  1802;  died  1880. 
He  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  phy- 
siology in  University  College,  and  was 
eminent  as  a  teacher.  Fibres  that? 
pass  through  and  seem  to  rivet  several 
concentric  laminae  of  bones,  and  are 
attached  to  the  periosteum,  are  named 
Sharpe3-'s  fibres. 

Skene,  Alexander  Johnston  Chalmers. — An 
American  g^-necologist,  born  at  Fyvie, 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  June  17,  1837; 
died  at  New  York,  1900.  One  of  the 
two    mucous     glands     just    within    the 


d)e  ^orlU'fi!  ^natomifitfi 


meatus  urinarius  of  the  female  is 
named  for  him, — Skene's  glands.  Was 
an  author  of  several  gynecological 
works,  and  a  professor  in  the  Long  Is- 
land College  Hospital,  of  Brooklyn,  New 
York. 

Soemmering,  Samuel  Thomas  von. — A  Ger- 
man physician,  born  at  Thorn,  in  1755 ; 
died  at  Frankfort,  in  1830.  He  is  best 
known  as  the  discoverer  of  the  yellow 
spot,  or  macula  lutea  of  Soemmering,  on 
the  retina. 

Spiegel,  Adrian  van  der. — A  Belgian  phy- 
sician, born  1578;  died  1625.  Also  writ- 
ten Spigelius,  and  Van  Spieghel.  The 
lobus  Spigelii,  of  the  liver,  will  always 
perpetuate  his  name. 

Stensen,  Nicolas;  (Lo/m),  Steno  Nicolaus. — 
A  Danish  physician,  born  at  Copenhagen, 
1636  (Mayne)  ;  Jan.  10,  1638  (Foster)  ; 
died  1686.  His  name  is  associated  with 
the  duct  of  the  parotid  gland, — Stensen's 
duct.  One  day,  when  he  was  engaged 
in  dissecting  the  head  of  a  sheep  and 
examining  the  parotid  gland,  the  style 
which  he  was  using  slipped  easily  down 
and  struck  with  a  sharp  clink  against 
the  teeth ;  he  recognized  that  he  had  dis- 
covered the  duct  of  the  gland.  Awak- 
ened by  religious  thoughts,  he  abandoned 
medicine,  and  became  a  priest,  and  even- 
tually a  Catholic  bishop. 

Stilling,  Benedict. — A  German  physician, 
born  1810;  died  1879.  His  name  is 
preserved  in  the  canal  of  Stilling  in 
the   eye. 

Sylvius,  Franciscus  ( Latin  for  Francois) 
De    le    Eoe    (or    Dubois). — A    German 


Cbe  WuxWsi  9lnatomi6t6 


physician  and  physiologist,  born  at 
Hanover  in  1614;  died  1672.  He  was 
a  celebrated  teacher,  and  gave  especial 
attention  to  the  chemical  problems  pre- 
sented by  the  human  body.  "  We  owe  to 
him,  it  is  true,  and  not  to  his  older 
namesake,  the  aqueduct  of  Sylvius ;  but 
the  new  things  which  he  made  known 
were   in   the   main  chemical." 

Sylvius,  Jacobus  (Latin  for  Jacques)  Du 
Bois.— A  French  physician  and  anato- 
mist, born  at  Amiens,  in  1478 ;  died  in 
1555.  The  fissure  of  Sylvius  and  other 
structures  are  named  for  him.  In 
1 53 1  he  began  to  teach  anatomy  at 
Paris,  and  in  1550  succeeded  Vidius 
Vidus  in  the  Chair  of  Medicine 
in  the  recently  established  College 
of  France.  He  was  Vesalius's  master, 
as  indeed  the  master  of  most  anat- 
omists of  that  age.  He  was  noted 
for  his  oddity  as  well  as  for  science. 
He  was  a  miser — "avarice  itself" — com- 
pelling his  servants  to  live  on  dry 
bread.  In  cold  weather  he  would  run 
about  with  a  log  on  his  shoulder  in  or- 
der to  keep  warm  and  save  the  cost  of 
fuel !  He  must  not  be  confounded  with 
P'ranciscus  (Latin  for  Francois)  Sylvius 
De  la  Boe  (or  Dubois). 

Tarin,  Pierre. — A  French  surgeon,  born 
1725;  died  1761.  The  posterior  perfo- 
rated space,  or  poris  Tarini  —  part  of 
the  floor  of  the  third  ventricle, — is 
named    for    him. 

Tenon,  J.  Rene.— A  French  surgeon  and 
oculist,  born  1724;  died  1816.  Tenon's 
capsule    of    the    eyeball    is    named    after 

62 


Jacob 
Benignus 

Win  slow 

See  page  73. 


Portrait  from  the  collection  in  the  Library 
of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 


Cbe  Wavin's  Inatomists 


him.  He  wrote  meritoriously  on  cata- 
ract and  other  diseases  of  the  eye. 
(Baas). 

Thebesius,  Adam  Christian, — A  German 
physician,  born  1686;  died  1732.  In 
1708  he  discovered  the  so-called  fora- 
mina Thebesii  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  right  auricle  of  the  heart. 

Tiirck,  Ludwig. — A  German  surgeon  and 
specialist,  born  1810;  died  1868.  The 
anterior  or  direct  pyramidal  tract  is 
named  for  this  surgeon, — column  of 
Tiirck. 

Tyson,  Edward. — An  English  anatomist, 
born  1649;  died  1708.  The  odoriferous 
glands  on  the  corona  glandis,  and  pre- 
puce— Tyson's  glands, —  are  named  for 
him.  He  was  a  professor  of  anatomy 
in    London. 

Valentini,  Michael  Bernhard, — A  German 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  1657 ;  died 
1729.  The  ganglion  of  Valentin  on  the 
middle  superior  dental  branch  of  the 
trifacial  nerve  is  named  for  him.  He 
was  a  professor  at  Giessen.  He  was 
a   believer    in    witches.      (Baas). 

Valsalva,  Antonio  Maria. — An  Italian  anat- 
omist, born  at  Imola,  1666;  died  1723. 
Dilatations  of  the  aorta  and  pulmonary 
arteries  at  the  attachment  of  the  aortic 
and  pulmonary  semilunar  valves  are 
named  for  him, — sinuses  of  Valsalva. 
He  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  a  pupil 
of  the  great  Malpighi,  and  the  teacher 
of  the  still  greater  Morgagni.  He  fol- 
lowed Malpighi  in  the  professor's  chair 
al   Bologna,   and   rendered   good   service 

65 


Cl)e  ^orlU'6  Stnatomifitfii 


to  anatomy,  particularly  by  a  work 
upon  the  ear.  Valsalva's  method  of 
inflating  the  middle  ear  is  familiar  to 
all. 
Varolio,  Costanzo. — An  Italian  physician, 
born  1543;  died  1575.  He  was  profes- 
sor at  Bologna,  and  ordinary  physician 
of  the  Pope;  also  described  the  pons 
commissure,  crus  cerebri,  and  "the  ner- 
vous  system  in   general. 

Vater,  Abraham.— The  ampulla  of  en- 
trance of  the  common  bile-duct  and 
pancreatic  duct  is  named  Vater's  am- 
pulla, for  this  anatomist.  The  Pacinian 
bodies  are  sometimes  known  as  Vater's 
corpuscles.     (See  Pacini). 

Verheyen,  Philipp.— A  Dutch  anatomist, 
born  1648;  died  1710.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  at  Louvain.  The  stellate 
network  in  the  cortical  renal  veins  is 
named  for  this  anatomist, — stellula 
Verheynii. 

*  Vesalius,  Andreas. — Was  born  the  last 
day  of  the  year  1514,  in  Brussels,  and 
died  in  a  shipwreck  on  the  Island  of 
Zante,  October  15,  1564.  While  Vesa- 
lius was  the  "  Father  of  Anatomy,"  his 
name  is  perpetuated  in  his  favorite  sub- 
ject by  an  insignificant  hole  in  the 
pterygoid  bone, — the  foramen  of  Vesa- 
lius. It  is  doubtful  if  any  great  and 
immediate  advance  in  anatomy  would 
have  been  made  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury unless  he  had  lived  and  labored. 
In  his  twenty-first  year  he  was  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  in  the  renowned  school 
of  Padua,  and  in  1543,  in  his  twenty- 
ninth    year,    and    fourteen    years    before 

66 


QL\)t  WoxW&  ^Inatomifitfi 


the  birth  of  Harvey,  gave  to  the  world 
his  great  work, — "  The  Structure  of  the 
Human  Body." 

*Quite  recently,  Jackschath,  an  Austrian  in- 
vestigator, writes  that  Leonardo  Da  Vinci,  and  not 
Vesalius,  was  the  father  of  scientific  anatomy;  and 
Vesalius  is  branded  as  one  of  the  greatest  of 
"  plagiarists."  Da  Vinci  was  a  genius  in  nearly 
all  departments.  He  was  too  busy  a  man  to  have 
produced  a  profound  work  on  anatomy:  He  was 
a  painter,  poet,  sculptor,  architect,  musician,  mathe- 
matician, hydraulic  engineer,  as  well  as  an  anat- 
omist. His  name  will  be  longer  remembered 
as  the  painter  of  The  Last  Supper. 

Marc  Antonio  Delia  Torre  (1473-1506),  a  pro- 
fessor at  Padua  and  Pavia,  was  a  distinguished 
anatomist,  for  whom  Leonardo  Da  Vinci  designed 
his  anatomical  plates.  "  So  perfect  were  these, 
that  it  is  difficult  to  determine  whether  the  pro- 
fessor or  the  painter  was  the  greater  anatomist, 
especially  as  Da  Vinci  wrote  on  anatomy." — 
(Baas).  Da  Vinci  dissected  the  horse  and  other 
inferior  animals,  as  well  as  the  human  body.  He 
made  his  celebrated  sketch-book  of  drawings  in 
red  chalk,  now  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Windsor. 
He  wrote  with  the  left  hand,  and,  like  the 
Hebrews,  from  behind  forward,  so  that  his  works 
could  only  be  deciphered  with  the  assistance  of  a 
mirror.  It  has  been  conjectured  from  this  pecu- 
liarity  that    his    right    hand    was    paralyzed. 

Leonardo  Da  Vinci  was  born  in  1452,  and 
died  May  2,  1519, — to  be  precise,  four  years, 
four  months,  and  two  days  after  Vesalius  was 
born.  Vesalius  may  have  received  considerable 
information,  and  possibly  what  is  greater,  an  in- 
spiration, from  the  work  of  Da  Vinci,  but  it  is 
not  to  be  doubted  that  Vesalius  was  an  original 
investigator  in  the  field  of  anatomy,  and  his 
great  work,  "The  Structure  of  the  Human  Body," 
should  not,  on  doubtful  evidence,  be  labeled  as 
the   work    of   a    "  plagiarist." 

Sir  B.  W.  Richardson,  who  painted  the  draw- 
ings made  from  the  dissections  by  Vesalius, 
after  a  great  deal  of  study  of  the  question,  does 
not  mention  Leonardo  Da  Vinci,  but  says:  "  It 
seems  to  be  generally  accepted  that  the  plates 
came  from  the  studio  of  Titian." 

Vicary,  Thomas.— An     English     anatomist 
and    surgeon,    about   the   middle   of   the 

67 


CI)e  ^orlIi*fii  ^natetnifiitfi 


sixteenth  century.  He  was  the  first 
surgeon  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
and  wrote,  in  1548,  the  first  English 
work  on  anatomy.  His  book  was  en- 
titled "  The  Englishman's  Treasure;  or 
the  True  Anatomy  of  Man's  Body." 

Vicq  d'Azyr,  Felix. — A  French  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  born  1748;  died  1794. 
A  thick  bundle  of  nerve-fibres  arising 
from  the  more  posterior  of  the  two 
median  nuclei  of  the  corpus  mammillare 
of  the  brain,  and  extending  to  the  an- 
terior tubercle  of  the  thalamus,  is 
named  the  bundle  of  Vicq  d'Azyr.  He 
was  the  ordinary  physician  of  Marie 
Antoinette  and  others.  He  rendered 
valuable  services  in  the  study  of  the 
brain   and   nerves. 

Vidius,  Vidus;  Latinized  name  of  Guido 
Guidi. — An   Italian   physician   and   anat- 


NOTE: — The  anatomical  drawing  re- 
produced on  the  following  page  is  from 
the  "Anatomy"  of  Andreas  Vesalius. 
printed  at  Basel  in  1542.  It  shows  hi 
idea  of  the  blood-vessels.  The  arterie. 
and  veins  end  abruptly.  The  perioQ 
named  was  three-quarters  of  a  century 
before  Harvey  demonstrated  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  and  one  hundred  and 
nineteen  years  before  Malpighi  discov- 
ered the  capillaries.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  testicles  are  shown,  while, 
stranger  still,  the  heart  is  absent! 


See  opposite  page 


€\)t  WovVn*^  ^natomifitfii 


omist,  born —  ;  died  1569.  The  Vidian 
artery,  canal,  and  nerve  especially  pre- 
serve his  name  in  anatomy.  He  was  a 
professor  of  medicine  in  the  College  of 
France,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sylvius. 

Vieussens,  Reymond. — A  French  physician, 
born  1641 ;  died  1716.  The  valve  of 
Vieussens,  loop  of  Vieussens,  and  sev- 
eral other  anatomical  names  are  given 
for  him.  He  wrote  on  diseases  of  the 
heart,  and  made  various  researches  in 
anatomy,  also  in  chemical  matters. 
Originally  he  was  a  theologian,  then  a 
physician,  and  as  such  a  professor  at 
Montpellier;  next  an  army  surgeon  and 
travelling  physician,  one  after  the  other, 
and  finally  physician-in-ordinary  at 
Paris. 

Virchow,  Rudolph. — A  German  anatomist 
and  pathologist,  born  in  Pomerania  in 
1821 ;  died  in  1902.  Virchow  has  been 
styled  the  father  of  modern  pathology. 
His  first  edition  of  "Cellular  Pathology" 
appeared  in  1858,  and  his  extensive 
Vv'ork  on  "Tumors"  in  1866.  He  was  a 
famous  author  and  teacher.  The  angle 
formed  by  the  meeting  of  two  lines,  one 
passing  through  the  most  prominent 
part  of  the  superior  alveolar  process  and 
the  naso-frontal  suture,  the  other 
through  the  upper  border  of  the  ex- 
ternal auditory  meatus  and  the  lower 
border  of  the  orbit,  is  known  as  the 
Virchow-Holder's   angle. 

Wachendorf,  Evardus  Jacobus  von.— A 
German  anatomist  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  In  1737  he  discovered  the 
pupillary   membrane. 


QL\)t  WovW^  ^natomifitfii 


Wagner,  Johann  W. — A  German  professor 
of  physiolog>%  born  1800;  died  1834. 
The  tactile  corpuscles  of  Wagner,  sit- 
uated in  the  endings  of  sensory  nerve 
fibres  in  the  papillae  of  the  skin,  and 
considered  by  Wagner  to  be  directly 
concerned  in  the  sense  of  touch,  are 
named  for  him.  For  some  years 
Rokitansky  was  his  assistant. 

Waldeyer,  Henry  William  Gottfried. — A 
German  physician,  born  1836.  A  few 
scattered  rudimentary  tubules,  best  seen 
in  the  child,  are  situated  in  the  broad 
ligament  between  the  parovarium  and 
the  uterus, — the  paroophoron  of  Wal- 
deyer. 

Weber,  Ernst  Heinrich. — A  German  anat- 
omist and  physiologist,  born  1821 ;  died 
1878.  Weber's  corpuscle,  or  the  sinus 
pocularis,  is  named  for  this  anatomist. 

Weitbrecht,  Josias. — A  Russian  anatomist, 
born  1702;  died  1747.  Was  a  professor 
in  St.  Petersburg,  and  author  of  a  fa- 
mous treatise  on  syndesmolog\'.  The 
interarticular  fibrocartilage  of  the  acro- 
mio-clavicular  articulation  is  named 
cartilage  of  Weitbrecht,  for  this  anat- 
omist. Also  the  orbicular  ligament  of 
the  elbow- joint,  as  well  as  ligamentous 
structures    in   other   parts. 

Wharton,  Thomas. — An  English  anatomist, 
born  1610;  died  1673  (Mayne)  ;  born 
1614  (Foster).  He  was  among  the  ear- 
liest to  devote  attention  to  the  general 
theory  of  the  glands,  and  discovered 
the  duct  named  after  him, — Wharton's 
duct.     He  pursued  his   medical   studies 


Cbe  Woviti*&  ^natomwtfi 


in  London,  where  he  subsequently 
practiced  as  a  physician.  He  was  a 
friend  and  ally  of  Glisson. 

Wilde,  Sir  William  R.  W.— An  English 
surgeon  and  specialist,  born  1815 ;  died 
1876.  Cords  of  Wilde  is  a  name  for 
the  transverse  striae  on  the  corpus  cal- 
losum. 

Wilder,  Burt  Green. — An  American  physio- 
logist, born  in  Boston,  August  11,  1841. 
A  number  of  fissures  of  the  cerebrum, 
described  by  this  physiologist,  are 
named  for  him, — fissure  of  Wilder.  Pro- 
fessor of  physiology  at  Cornell  Univer- 
sity. 

Willis,  Thomas. — An  English  physician 
and  anatomist,  born  in  Great  Bedwin, 
Wiltshire,  in  1621 ;  died  1675.  He  was 
a  man  who  rendered  eminent  service 
to  anatomy,  and  especially  the  anatomy 
of  the  nervous  system,  and  particularly 
of  the  brain.  He  greatly  advanced  our 
knowledge,  of  the  blood  vessels  of  the 
brain,  where  the  circle  of  Willis  is 
named  after  him.  Originally  destined 
to  theology,  circumstances  turned  his 
attention  to  medicine,  and,  on  the 
completion  of  his  studies,  he  received 
the  professorship  of  natural  philosophy 
in  the  University  of  Oxford.  He  was  a 
successful  practitioner  of  medicine  for 
many  years  in  London.  In  1674  he  de- 
termined the  sweetness  of  diabetic 
urine  by  the  taste.  He  was  extremely 
methodical. 

Winslow,  Jacob  Benignus. — A  Danish 
anatomist,  born  at  Odensee,  on  the  Is- 


iL\}t  WoxWs  Itnatomistfi 


land  of  Fiihnen,  in  1679  (Mayne)  ;  1669 
(Baas)  ;  died  1760,  in  Paris.  Is  best 
known  by  the  foramen  of  Winslow — the 
narrow  opening  of  communication  be- 
tween the  greater  and  lesser  cavities  of 
the  peritoneum, —  named  for  this  anat- 
omist. He  wrote  a  textbook  on  anat- 
omy, which  passed  through  several 
editions,  and  was  translated  into  sev- 
eral languages.  While  of  Danish  birth, 
he  became  a  professor  in  Paris,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death.  He  was, 
probably,  the  ablest  anatomist  of  the 
eighteenth  centurj\ 

"Wirsung,  John  George. — A  Bavarian  phy- 
siologist, born —  ;  died  1643.  His 
name  is  associated  with  the  excretory 
duct  of  the  pancreas, — canal  of  Wir- 
sung. He  was  professor  of  anatomy 
at  Padua.  He  claimed  to  have  dis- 
covered the  duct  in  1642.  His  pupil, 
John  IMaurice  Hoffman,  claimed  that 
he  found  the  duct  in  the  fowl  in  1642, 
and  pointed  it  out  to  Wirsung,  who  then 
described  the  duct  in  man  as  his  own 
discovery;  but  there  is  no  satisfactory 
evidence  of  this.  Some  years  after 
this  event,  Wirsung  was  shot  as  he 
was  entering  his  house  at  night.  The 
legend  states  that  a  quarrel  about  the 
discovery  of  the  duct  was  the  cause 
of  the  murder,  but  it  seems  to  have 
been  the  result  of  some  private 
grudge. 

Wolff.  Casper  Friedrich.— A  Russian  anat- 
omist, born  1735  (Mayne)  ;  1733 
(Park)  ;  died  1794.  The  Wolffian  bodies 
and    ducts    are    named    for    him.      They 


d)e  WovWs  3tnatomi6tg 


were  discovered  in  1759.  Wolff  was  the 
first  meritorious  investigator  in  Rus- 
sia. He  revived  the  ancient  theory  of 
epigenesis — i.  e.,  that  the  process  of 
generation  was  an  actual  new  creation. 
(Baas). 

Wormius,  Olaus  (or  Worm.) — A  Danish 
physician,  born  1588;  died  1654.  The 
Wormian  bones  are  named  for  this 
physician. 

Wrisberg,  Henricus  Augustus. — A  German 
anatomist,  born  1737  {May tie)  ;  1739 
(Baas)  ;  died  1808.  The  lesser  internal 
cutaneous  nerve  of  the  arm,  and  sev- 
eral other  anatomical  parts  are  named 
for  him.  He  was  a  professor  at  Gottin- 
gen,  and  an  excellent  anatomist,  and 
also  a  skillful  obstetrician. 

Zinn,  John  Godfrey. — A  German  physician, 
born  1727;  died  1759.  Was  a  profes- 
sor in  Gottingen,  and  one  of  Haller's 
favorite  pupils.  He  published  a  work 
on  the  anatomy  of  the  eye,  adorned 
with  very  perfect  plates.  His  name  is 
preserved  in  the  zonula  of  Zinn ;  also, 
the  common  tendon — the  ligament,  or 
aponeurosis  of  the  inferior  and  internal 
recti  muscles  of  the  eye, — the  ligament 
of  Zinn.  Was  only  thirty-two  years 
old  when  he  died. 


75 


Cl)e  WoxWe  anatomifitfii 


aDDenDa 

Rudbeck,  Otof,  Sr — Swedish  scientist  and 
polyhistor.  Born  at  Vesteras,  Sweden, 
Sept.  30,  1630;  died  Dec.  12,  1702.  He 
studied  natural  science  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Upsala,  where  he  became  a 
professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine. 
At  the  age  of  22,  Rudbeck  discovered 
the  general  lymphatics.  The  results  of 
his  investigations  which  w^ere  laid  down 
in  his  "Nova  exercitatio  anaiomica" 
(1653),  gained  for  him  European  re- 
nowni.  In  addition  to  investigations  in 
several  branches  of  science,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  archaeology  and 
literature,  both  classical  and  Scandina- 
vian, publishing  several  sagas  and 
Swedish  provincial  laws  (1679). 

Retzius,  Anders  Adolf. — Born  at  Lund, 
Sweden,  Oct.  13,  1796,  where  his  father, 
Anders  Jahan  Retzius,  was  professor 
of  botany ;  died  in  Stockholm,  April  t8, 
i860.  A  Swedish  anatomist.  He  was 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  in 
the  Royal  Medico-Chirurgical  Institute, 
Stockholm.  For  him  are  named  liga- 
mentum  Retzii  (the  fundiform  liga- 
ment), spatium  Retzii  (the  preperitoneal 
space),  and  striae  parallelae  Retzii  of  the 
enamel  of  the  teeth. 

Retzius,  Magnus  Gustaf — Son  of  Anders 
Adolf  Retzius.  Born  in  Stockholm, 
Oct.    27,    1842.      A    Swedish    histologist. 

76 


Cbe  Wavirs  ^tnatomifitg 


For  several  years  professor  of  histology 
in  the  Royal  Medico-Chirurgical  Insti- 
tute. About  fifteen  years  ago,  he  re- 
signed his  position,  and  since  then  he 
has  devoted  his  time  to  scientific  re- 
searches. In  i875-'76,  he  published,  to- 
gether with  his  colleague,  Ernst  Axel 
Henrik  Key,  a  work  in  two  folio  vol- 
umes, entitled  "Studien  in  der  Anatomie 
des  Nervensystems  und  des  Bindege- 
wehes."  This  work  is  said  to  4iave  cost 
him  40,000  kronor  (about  $11,000).  In 
i88i-'84,  he  wrote  another  large  work  in 
German,  "Das  Gehororgan  der  Wirbel- 
thiere"  (2  folio  volumes).  He  is  also 
widely  known  and  quoted  as  an  author- 
ity in  anthropology.  Two  foramina  at 
the  extremities  of  the  lateral  recesses  of 
the  fourth  ventricle,  behind  the  upper 
roots  of  the  nervus  glossopharyngeus, 
connect  the  cisterna  magna  with  the 
fourth  ventricle.  These  are  known  as 
the  foramina  of  Key  and  Retzius. 


Cbc  S'orllj's  anatamists 


autl)Ot:si 


THE  following  is  a  partial  list  of  promi- 
nent  authors,    whose   names    do   not 
appear  in  the  preceding  pages,   who 
have  contributed   works   on   Human   Anat- 
omy : 

Allen,  Harrison. 

American.     Born  1841 ;  died  1897. 
Bock,   Carl   Ernst. 

German.    Born    1809;    died    1874. 
Deaver,  John  B. 

American.      Born    1845. 
Gerrish,   Frederick   Henry. 

American.     Born    1845. 
Gray,    Henry. 

English.      Born    1825;    died    1861. 
Heath,   Christopher. 

English.      Born    1835. 
Holden,  Luther. 

English.    Date  of  birth  not  obtained 
to  time  of  going  to  press. 
Hughes,  Alfred  Williams. 

English.     Born  1861;  died  1900. 
Hyrtl,  Joseph. 

German.      Born    1810;   died   1894. 
Leidy,  Joseph. 

American.      Born    1823;    died    1891. 
Morris,  Henry. 

English.      Born    1844. 
Quain,   Jones. 

English.     Born  1796;  died  1865. 


C|)e  Wovll's  ^natomtfitfi 


Sappey,   Marie   Philbert   Constant. 

French.     Born   1810. 
Testut,  Jean  Leo. 

French.     Born   1849. 
Wilson,    (Sir   William  James)    Erasmus. 

English.      Born    1809;    died    1884. 
Wistar,  Caspar. 

American.      Born    1761;    died    1818. 


79 


J 


DATE  DUE 

1 

B     000  007  404     7  /Z112 

K32w 

,    temper,   0  V7  ^^^^  u 

^        I        World's  anatomists... 


WZ112 
K32w 

1905 
Kemper,  G        W        H 
World • s  anatomists . . • 


MEDiOAL  SCIENCES  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  IRVINE 
IRVINE,  CALIFORNIA  92664 


pwi«rK*  IN  w.a.Jw 


